Falkland Islands pound (£; FKP ) Sterling (£; GBP ) The Falkland Islands ( / ˈ f ɔː ( l ) k l ə n d , ˈ f ɒ l k -/ ; [ 8 ] Spanish: Islas Malvinas [ ˈislas malˈβinas ] ), commonly referred to as the Falklands , is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf . The principal islands are about 300 mi (500 km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and 752 mi (1,210 km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km 2 ) , comprises East Falkland , West Falkland , and 776 smaller islands. As a British Overseas Territory , the Falklands have internal self-governance , while the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland. The islands are believed to have been uninhabited prior to European discovery in the 17th century. Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833 , but Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine military forces invaded the islands . British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War . In a 2013 sovereignty referendum , almost all of the votes cast were in favour of remaining a UK overseas territory. The territory's sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the UK . The 2021 census recorded a population of 3,662 inhabitants, [ 3 ] around 30% of which are temporary residents, on short-term work visas or working at the RAF Mount Pleasant military base. English is the official and predominant language. Under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 , Falkland Islanders are British citizens . The islands lie at the boundary of the subantarctic oceanic and tundra climate zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching 2,300 ft (700 m) . They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands owing to predation by introduced species . Major economic activities include fishing, tourism, and sheep farming , with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration , licensed by the Falkland Islands Government , remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina. The name Falkland Islands comes from Falkland Sound , the strait that separates the two main islands. [ 9 ] The name Falkland was applied to the channel by John Strong , captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland , the Treasurer of the Navy who sponsored his journey. [ 10 ] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland , Scotland—the town's name probably comes from a Gaelic term referring to an enclosure ( lann ), [ B ] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term folkland (land held by folk-right ). [ 12 ] The name Falklands was not applied to the islands until 1765, when British captain John Byron of the Royal Navy claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands". [ 13 ] The term Falklands is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands. The common Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas , derives from the French Îles Malouines —the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764. [ 14 ] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo (the point of departure for his ships and colonists). [ 15 ] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city. [ 16 ] In 1965, at the 20th session [ 17 ] of the United Nations General Assembly , the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands ( Malvinas ) . In Spanish, the territory was designated as Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands) . [ 18 ] The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is Falkland Islands ( Malvinas ) . [ 19 ] Although Fuegians from Patagonia may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times, [ 20 ] [ 21 ] the islands were uninhabited when Europeans first explored them. [ 22 ] European claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers sighted the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ C ] The first undisputed landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to Peru and Chile 's littoral in 1690, explored the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game. [ 26 ] The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville and the 1765 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John Byron ; the latter settlement being expanded by British captain John MacBride a year later. [ D ] Whether or not the settlements were aware of each other's existence is debated by historians. [ 29 ] In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain , which renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad the following year. [ 30 ] Problems began when Spain detected and captured Port Egmont in 1770. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771. [ 31 ] The British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to withdraw the garrison from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III. [ 32 ] Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata became the only formal presence in the territory. West Falkland was left abandoned, and Puerto Soledad became a penal colony. [ 33 ] Amid the British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily. [ 33 ] Thereafter, the archipelago was visited only by fishing ships; its political status was undisputed until 1820, when Colonel David Jewett , an American privateer working for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , informed anchored ships about Buenos Aires ' 1816 claim to Spain's territories in the South Atlantic. [ 34 ] [ E ] Since the islands had no permanent inhabitants, in 1823 Buenos Aires granted German-born merchant Luis Vernet permission to conduct fishing activities and exploit feral cattle in the archipelago. [ F ] Vernet settled at the ruins of Puerto Soledad in 1826, and accumulated resources on the islands until the venture was secure enough to bring settlers and form a permanent colony. [ 38 ] Buenos Aires named Vernet military and civil commander of the islands in 1829, [ 39 ] and he attempted to regulate sealing to stop the activities of foreign whalers and sealers. [ 33 ] Vernet's venture lasted until a dispute related to fishing and hunting rights led to a raid by the American warship USS Lexington in 1831, [ 40 ] [ G ] when United States Navy commander Silas Duncan declared the dissolution of the island's government. [ 41 ] Buenos Aires attempted to gain influence over the settlement by installing a garrison in October 1832, which mutinied within a month and was followed the next year by the arrival of British forces, who reasserted Britain's rule . [ 42 ] The Argentine Confederation (headed by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas ) protested against Britain's actions, [ 43 ] [ H ] and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain. [ 46 ] [ I ] The British troops departed after completing their mission, leaving the area without formal government. [ 48 ] Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman Matthew Brisbane , returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho Antonio Rivero led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order. [ 48 ] In the late 1830s, an appeal was made to the Colonial Office in London by businessmen seeing potential profit, for organised settlement of the islands. [ 49 ] In 1840, the Falklands became a Crown colony and Scottish settlers subsequently established an official pastoral community. [ 50 ] Four years later, nearly everyone relocated to Port Jackson, considered a better location for the government, and merchant Samuel Lafone began a venture to encourage British colonisation. [ 51 ] Stanley , as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845. [ 52 ] Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding Cape Horn stop at the port. [ 53 ] Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the "Wrecking Trade", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes. [ 54 ] Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the Falkland Islands Company , which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851, [ J ] successfully introduced Cheviot sheep for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit. [ 56 ] The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870 it declined as the replacement of sail ships by steamships was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal , the trade effectively ended. [ 57 ] In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain. [ 52 ] For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK. [ 56 ] In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to subantarctic islands and a section of Antarctica. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908 and retained them until their dissolution in 1985. [ 58 ] The Falklands also played a minor role in the two world wars as a military base aiding control of the South Atlantic. In the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 during the First World War , a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. In the Second World War , following the December 1939 Battle of the River Plate , the battle-damaged HMS Exeter steamed to the Falklands for repairs. [ 22 ] In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago. [ 59 ] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina. [ 53 ] Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President Juan Perón asserted sovereignty over the archipelago. [ 60 ] The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on decolonisation which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position. [ 61 ] In 1965, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2065 , calling for both states to conduct bilateral negotiations to reach a peaceful settlement of the dispute. [ 61 ] From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders. [ 62 ] An agreement on trade ties between the archipelago and the mainland was reached in 1971 and, consequently, Argentina built a temporary airfield at Stanley in 1972. [ 52 ] Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the UK Parliament , and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977. [ 63 ] Concerned at the expense of maintaining the Falkland Islands in an era of budget cuts, the UK again considered transferring sovereignty to Argentina in the early Thatcher government . [ 64 ] Substantive sovereignty talks again ended by 1981, and the dispute escalated with passing time. [ 65 ] In April 1982 the Falklands War began when Argentine military forces invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic , briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June. [ 66 ] After the war the UK expanded its military presence, building RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the size of its garrison. [ 67 ] The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines. [ 68 ] Due to the large number of deminer casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983. [ 68 ] [ K ] Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the Ottawa Treaty , and Sapper Hill Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Demining was completed in October 2020. [ 72 ] Based on Lord Shackleton 's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands exclusive economic zone , fisheries. [ 73 ] [ L ] The road network was also made more extensive, and the construction of RAF Mount Pleasant allowed access to long haul flights. [ 73 ] Oil exploration also began in the 2010s, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin. [ 74 ] Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990, but neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions. [ 75 ] The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory . [ 76 ] Under the 2009 Constitution , the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory". [ 77 ] The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, and executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the governor , who appoints the islands' chief executive on the advice of members of the Legislative Assembly . [ 78 ] Both the governor and the chief executive serve as the head of government . [ 79 ] Governor Colin Martin-Reynolds was appointed in July 2025 [ 80 ] and Chief Executive Andrea Clausen took up the post on 1 April 2025. Dr. Clausen is the first woman and the first Falkland Islander to become Chief Executive of the Government. The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2024, Stephen Doughty , administers British foreign policy regarding the islands. [ 81 ] The governor acts on the advice of the islands' Executive Council , composed of the chief executive, the Director of Finance and three elected members of the Legislative Assembly (with the governor as chairman). [ 78 ] The Legislative Assembly, a unicameral legislature , consists of the chief executive, the director of finance and eight members (five from Stanley and three from Camp ) elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage . [ 78 ] All politicians in the Falkland Islands are independent ; no political parties exist on the islands. [ 82 ] Since the 2013 general election , members of the Legislative Assembly have received a salary and are expected to work full-time and give up all previously held jobs or business interests. [ 83 ] As a territory of the United Kingdom, the Falklands were part of the overseas countries and territories of the European Union until 2020 . [ 84 ] The islands' judicial system, overseen by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , is largely based on English law , [ 85 ] and the constitution binds the territory to the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights . [ 77 ] Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council . [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP). [ 85 ] Defence of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom. [ 88 ] A British military garrison is stationed on the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds the Falkland Islands Defence Force , an additional platoon to company -sized light infantry . [ 89 ] The Falklands claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nmi (370 km) from its coastal baselines, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ; this zone overlaps with the EEZ of Argentina. [ 90 ] Sovereignty dispute The UK and Argentina both assert sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 and the islanders' "right to self-determination as set out in the UN Charter ". [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Argentina claims that, when it achieved independence in 1816, it acquired the Falklands from Spain. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The incident of 1833 is particularly contentious; Argentina considers it proof of "Britain's usurpation" whereas the UK discounts it as a mere reassertion of its claim. [ 97 ] [ M ] In 2009, the British prime minister, Gordon Brown , had a meeting with the Argentine president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , and said that there would be no further talks over the sovereignty of the Falklands. [ 100 ] In March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum on its political status: 99.8% of votes cast favoured remaining a British overseas territory. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] Argentina does not recognise the Falkland Islanders as a partner in negotiations. [ 94 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The Falkland Islands have a land area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km 2 ) and a coastline estimated at 800 mi (1,300 km) . [ 105 ] The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. [ 106 ] The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly, [ 107 ] with the major exception being the depressed plains of Lafonia (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland). [ 108 ] The Falklands consist of continental crust fragments resulting from the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130 million years ago. The islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean , on the Patagonian Shelf , about 300 mi (480 km) east of Patagonia in southern Argentina. [ 109 ] The Falklands' approximate location is latitude 51°40′ – 53°00′ S and longitude 57°40′ – 62°00′ W . [ 110 ] The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound , [ 111 ] and its deep coastal indentations form natural harbours . [ 112 ] East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement), [ 110 ] the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: Mount Usborne , at 2,313 ft (705 m) . [ 111 ] Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside ( Campo ). [ 113 ] The climate of the islands is cold, windy, and humid maritime . [ 109 ] Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago. [ 114 ] Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging 610 mm (24 in) in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year. [ 107 ] The temperature has historically stayed between 21.1 and −11.1 °C (70.0 and 12.0 °F) in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 9 °C (48 °F) in January and February (summer) to −1 °C (30 °F) in July (winter). [ 114 ] Strong westerly winds and cloudy skies are common. [ 107 ] Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm. [ 114 ] The Falkland Islands are biogeographically part of the Antarctic zone , [ 115 ] with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America. [ 116 ] Land birds make up most of the Falklands' avifauna . The only endemic bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless Falkland steamer duck and Cobb's wren . [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Sixty-three species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic subspecies . [ 120 ] Abundant arthropod diversity occurs on the islands. [ 121 ] The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular plant species. [ 122 ] More than 400 species of lichens and lichen-dwelling fungi have been recorded. [ 123 ] The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the warrah , was hunted to extinction by European settlers. [ 124 ] The islands are frequented by marine mammals , such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal , and various types of cetaceans ; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara . There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest albatross colonies on the planet. [ 125 ] Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus Galaxias . [ 121 ] The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of dwarf shrubs . [ 126 ] Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. [ 127 ] Introduced species include reindeer , hares, rabbits, Patagonian foxes , brown rats , and cats. [ 128 ] Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. [ 129 ] The extent of human impact on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. [ 116 ] As of 2023 [ update ] , the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 221st largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ( PPP ), [ 131 ] but ranks 10th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita . [ 132 ] The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014. [ 127 ] Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high Human Development Index of 0.874 [ 7 ] and a moderate Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17. [ 133 ] The local currency is the Falkland Islands pound , which is pegged to the British pound sterling . [ 134 ] Economic development was advanced by ship resupplying and sheep farming for high-quality wool. [ 135 ] The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are Polwarth and Corriedale . [ 136 ] During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of synthetic fibres damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an exclusive economic zone and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". [ 137 ] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism. [ 138 ] All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. [ 139 ] The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, building materials and clothing. [ 127 ] The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. [ 140 ] Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from overfishing , illegal fishing and fish market price fluctuations led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves". [ 130 ] By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by Rockhopper Exploration . [ 141 ] Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom. [ 137 ] In December 2025, it was indicated that, after prolonged consideration, Rockhopper Exploration and Navitas Petroleum had taken the final investment decisions for the development of Phase 1 of the Sea Lion Field and sanctioned the project. Phase 1, aims to produce 170 million barrels (27 million m 3 ) at a peak production of approximately 50,000 barrels per day (8 million litres per day). The first oil from Phase 1 was planned for 2028. [ 142 ] Argentina immediately rejected these plans with the Argentine foreign ministry stating that Argentina would: “deepen its action plan to adopt all additional measures, in accordance with international law, that it deems necessary to safeguard its sovereign rights and interests.” [ 143 ] The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. [ 144 ] A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. [ 145 ] Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in Antarctic exploration and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. [ 146 ] Tourists, mostly cruise ship passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and wreck diving ; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. [ 147 ] The main international airport, located at RAF Mount Pleasant on East Falkland, provides flights to RAF Brize Norton in the UK and mainland South America. [ 139 ] Port Stanley Airport provides internal flights. [ 148 ] Despite COVID-19 pandemic restrictions causing suspensions of flights from Santiago and São Paulo and prohibiting cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. [ 149 ] The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833, [ 150 ] and also from English and French people , Gibraltarians , Scandinavians, and South Americans. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born in the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands". [ 151 ] [ 152 ] In 1983, full British citizenship was given to Falkland Islanders under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 . [ 150 ] A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the 20th century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities, [ 153 ] particularly to the British city of Southampton , which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley North". [ 154 ] In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena , and Chile. [ 155 ] In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and Chilean (5.4 per cent). [ 156 ] A small number of Argentines also live on the islands. [ 157 ] The Falkland Islands have a very low population density . [ 158 ] According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents. [ N ] A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands. [ 145 ] Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most populous location on the archipelago, followed by Mount Pleasant (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents). [ 156 ] The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age (20–60) . Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 20–60 age group. [ 151 ] In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the Baháʼí Faith , [ 159 ] Buddhism , [ 160 ] and Islam . [ 161 ] [ 156 ] The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism and other Protestantism , and Roman Catholicism . [ 162 ] Education in the Falkland Islands follows England's system and is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years. [ 163 ] Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom. [ 163 ] Falklands culture is based on the cultural traditions of its British settlers but has also been influenced by Hispanic South America . [ 155 ] Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. [ 164 ] The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English ; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. [ 155 ] According to naturalist Will Wagstaff , "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life". [ 164 ] The islands have one weekly newspaper, The Penguin News , [ 165 ] and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom. [ 155 ] Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee". [ 166 ] Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life". [ 167 ] Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands competes in the Commonwealth Games and Island Games . [ 168 ] The Falkland Islands national cricket team is a member of the International Cricket Council . [ 169 ] Index of Falkland Islands–related articles List of islands of the Falkland Islands List of settlements in the Falkland Islands Outline of the Falkland Islands 2025 Falkland Islands general election ↑ "God Save the King" is the national anthem by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events. [ 1 ] The words King, he, him, his , used at present, are replaced by Queen, she, her when the monarch is female. ↑ According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the falk in the name could have stood for 'hidden' ( falach ), 'wash' ( failc ), or 'heavy rain' ( falc ). [ 11 ] ↑ Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian John Dunmore concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal – although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little." [ 25 ] ↑ In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of King Louis XV of France. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of King George III of Great Britain. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] ↑ According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession". [ 35 ] ↑ Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828. [ 36 ] The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection". [ 37 ] ↑ The log of the "Lexington" only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed. [ 40 ] ↑ As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip ... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of Baring Brothers ". [ 44 ] In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the Arana–Southern Treaty , which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina. [ 45 ] ↑ Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946. [ 47 ] ↑ There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay. [ 55 ] ↑ The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices. [ 68 ] Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult. [ 69 ] ↑ In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty. [ 73 ] Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources. [ 73 ] ↑ Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives. [ 98 ] International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested". [ 99 ] ↑ At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas. [ 156 ] https://www.falklands.gov.fk/policy/downloads?task=download.send&id=290:falkland-islands-national-accounts-2014-2024&catid=9 (refs: 4, 5) http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf (refs: 116, 118) ↑ "National Anthem" . The Royal Family . Archived from the original on 20 May 2024 . Retrieved 10 April 2024 . ↑ Gough, Barry M. (1990). "The British Reoccupation and Colonization of the Falkland Islands, or Malvinas, 1832–1843" . Albion . 22 (2): 261– 287. doi : 10.2307/4049600 . ISSN 0095-1390 . JSTOR 4049600 . 1 2 "2021 Census Report" (XLSX) . Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government. 2022. ↑ "Falkland Islands National Accounts 2014 – 2024" . Falkland Islands Government . Retrieved 8 June 2026 . ↑ "Falkland Islands National Accounts 2014 – 2024" . Falkland Islands Government . Retrieved 8 June 2026 . ↑ "Gini Index coefficient" . CIA World Factbook. 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In Graeme Newman ; Janet Stamatel; Hang-en Sung (eds.). Crime and Punishment around the World . Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35133-4 . Segal, Gerald (1991). The World Affairs Companion . New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-671-74157-0 . Sicker, Martin (2002). The Geopolitics of Security in the Americas . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-97255-4 . Strange, Ian (1987). The Falkland Islands and Their Natural History . Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-8833-4 . Taylor, Simon; Márkus, Gilbert (2005). The Place-Names of Fife: Central Fife between the Rivers Leven and Eden . Donington, England: Shaun Tyas. ISBN 978-1900289-93-1 . Thomas, David (1991). "The View from Whitehall". In Wayne Smith (ed.). Toward Resolution? The Falklands/Malvinas Dispute . Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-265-6 . Trewby, Mary (2002). Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton . Richmond Hill , Ontario: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55297-590-9 . Wagstaff, William (2001). Falkland Islands: The Bradt Travel Guide . Buckinghamshire, England: Bradt Travel Guides, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84162-037-4 . Zepeda, Alexis (2005). "Argentina". In Will Kaufman; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson (eds.). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History . Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8 . Further reading Caviedes, César (1994). "Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story?" . Latin American Research Review . 29 (2): 172– 187. doi : 10.1017/S0023879100024171 . S2CID 252749716 . Darwin, Charles (1846). "On the Geology of the Falkland Islands" (PDF) . Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society . 2 ( 1– 2): 267– 274. Bibcode : 1846QJGS....2..267D . doi : 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.46 . S2CID 129936121 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés, eds. (2000). Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas . Buenos Aires, Argentina: GEL/Nuevohacer. ISBN 978-950-694-546-6 . Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI). Freedman, Lawrence (2005). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign . Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5207-8 . Michael Frenchman (28 November 1980). "Britain puts forward four options on Falklands (Nick Ridley visit & leaseback)" . The Times . p. 7. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020 . Retrieved 5 July 2020 . Greig, D. W. (1983). "Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis" (PDF) . Australian Year Book of International Law . 8 : 20– 70. doi : 10.1163/26660229-008-01-900000006 . ISSN 0084-7658 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Ivanov, L. L.; et al. (2003). The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People . Sofia, Bulgaria: Manfred Wörner Foundation. ISBN 978-954-91503-1-5 . Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers. Wikimedia Atlas of Falkland Islands Official website Falkland Islands Development Corporation Falkland Islands News Network Falkland Islands Profile (BBC) (also at: ) 1770 Falklands crisis 1833 British Reassertion East Falkland Lafonia Bay of Harbours Cape Bougainville Hornby Mountains Johnson's Harbour Pebble Island Settlement Pony's Pass Quarry Port San Carlos Stanley Harbour Volunteer Point Weddell Settlement Chief Executive Falkland Islands pound (currency) Government House Legislative Assembly Representative Office, London Sovereignty dispute Falkland Islands Defence Force RAF Mount Pleasant 1312 Flight 1435 Flight RRH Byron Heights RRH Mount Alice Falkland Islands Company Falkland Islands Development Corporation Falkland Islands General Employees Union Education Falkland Islands Community School Falkland Islands Community School Falkland Islanders Origins Falklands Conservation Human rights LGBTQ Languages Falkland Islands English Falkland Islands English Law Enforcement Telecommunications Internet domain Internet domain Transport Falkland Islands Government Air Service Mount Pleasant Airport Port Stanley Airport Falkland Islands Government Air Service Mount Pleasant Airport Port Stanley Airport Religion Anglican parish Christ Church Cathedral Roman Catholicism Anglican parish Christ Church Cathedral Roman Catholicism Scouting and Guiding Commonwealth Games Rifle Association Northern Ireland Bailiwick of Guernsey Alderney Guernsey Sark Bailiwick of Jersey Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1 British Antarctic Territory 2 British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Falkland Islands Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha Gough Island Ascension Island Tristan da Cunha Gough Island South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom Corsica 1794–1796 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 † pre 1800 acts of Union Ireland Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800 de facto client state; 1719-1800 de jure dependency) ( Fully annexed into the UK ) Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800 de facto client state; 1719-1800 de jure dependency) ( Fully annexed into the UK ) Irish Free State 1921–1931 † Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 Basutoland ( † Lesotho ) 1868–1966 Bechuanaland ( † Botswana ) 1884–1966 Cameroons 13 1919–1961 Cape Colony 1795–1803 Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910 Central Africa 1891–1907 East Africa 1895–1920 Egypt 1882–1922 † The Gambia 1816–1965 Gold Coast ( † Ghana ) 1874–1957 † Kenya 1920–1963 Lagos 1862–1906 Madeira 1807–1808 † Mauritius 1810–1968 Natal 1856–1910 Niger Coast 1884–1900 † Nigeria 1914–1960 Northern Nigeria 1900–1914 Northern Rhodesia 15 1924–1964 Nyasaland 1891–1964 Orange River 1900–1910 † Seychelles 1903–1976 † Sierra Leone 1792–1961 Somaliland 1884–1960 † South Africa 1910–1931 South-West Africa 12 1915–1931 Southern Rhodesia 14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Nigeria 1900–1914 † Swaziland 1893–1968 Sudan 1899–1956 Tanganyika 13 1922–1961 Transvaal 1900–1910 † Uganda 1890–1962 Zanzibar 1890–1963 Zululand 1887–1897 12 Now † Namibia 13 League of Nations mandate . British Cameroons is now part of † Cameroon and Nigeria , while Tanganyika is part of † Tanzania . 14 Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 15 Now † Zambia Aden Colony 1839–1967 Afghanistan 1839–1842 Protectorate 1879–1919 Protectorate 1879–1919 Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part of Cyprus ) Bencoolen 1685–1824 Banka and Billiton 1812–1824 Bengal 1757–1947 Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949 Borneo 1874–1963 British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles ) 26 Burma 1824–1948 † Brunei 1888–1984 † Ceylon 1795–1948 † Cyprus 1878–1960 Hong Kong 1841–1997 † India 18 1858–1947 Kuwait 1918–1961

Labuan 1848–1946 Malaya 1819–1826 Federated States 1895–1946 Unfederated States 1885–1946 Union 1946–1948 Federation 1948–1957 Federated States 1895–1946 Unfederated States 1885–1946 Union 1946–1948 Federation 1948–1957 Malacca 1824–1946 Crown Colony 1946–1957 Crown Colony 1946–1957 † Maldives 1796–1965 Manila and Cavite 1762–1764 Mesopotamia 19 1920–1932 Muscat and Oman 1891–1971 North Borneo 1882–1963 Crown Colony 1946–1963 Crown Colony 1946–1963 Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Palestine 19 1923–1948 Penang 1786–1946 Crown Colony 1946–1957 Crown Colony 1946–1957 Pulo Condore 1702–1705 Sarawak 1841–1946 Crown Colony 1946–1963 Crown Colony 1946–1963 † Singapore 1946–1963 South Vietnam 1945–1946 Straits Settlements 1826–1946 Transjordan 1921–1946 Trucial States 1892–1971 Weihai 1898–1930 18 Now † India , † Pakistan and † Bangladesh 19 League of Nations mandate . Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 26 Legitimacy of territorial establishment disputed Anguilla since 1650 * Antigua 1632–1860 * Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981 † * Bahamas 1670–1973 † Barbados 1624–1966 Bay Islands 1643–1860 † * Belize 1871–1981 Bermuda since 1619 British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880 British Columbia 1858–1866 1866–1871 Cape Breton Island 1754–1820 † Dominica 1763–1978 East Florida 1763–1783 † * Grenada 1762–1974 † * Canada Lower 1791–1841 Upper 1791–1841 Province 1841–1867 Dominion 1867–1931 Lower 1791–1841 Upper 1791–1841 Province 1841–1867 Dominion 1867–1931 Carolina 1663–1712 Cayman Islands since 1670 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1818–1846 Connecticut 1636–1776 Delaware 1701–1776 East Jersey 1674–1702 Georgia 1733–1776 † * Jamaica 1655–1962 Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960 Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691 Province , 1691–1776 Province , 1691–1776 Maryland 1632–1776 Montserrat since 1632 Mosquito Coast 1655–1860 Nevis 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Islands 1833–1960 Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 4 1670–1688 † Guiana 1831–1966 4 Now a department of Colombia New South Wales 1788–1901 Van Diemen's Land / Tasmania 1803–1901 Auckland Islands 20 1807–1863 New Hebrides 21 1824–1980 Queensland 1824–1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1829–1901 South Australia 1836–1901 Pitcairn Islands since 1838 New Zealand 1841–1907 North Australia 1846–1847 Victoria 1851–1901 † Fiji 1874–1970 British New Guinea 1884–1902 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 20 1888–1901 Union Islands 20 1889–1948 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 22 1892–1979 † * Solomon Islands 1893–1978 † Tonga 1900–1970 Niue 20 1900–1974 † * Australia 1901–1942 † * New Zealand 1907–1947 † Samoa 1914–1962 † Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968 20 Now part of the † Realm of New Zealand 21 Now † Vanuatu 22 Now † Kiribati and † * Tuvalu Saint Helena 23 since 1658 Ascension Island 23 since 1815 Tristan da Cunha 23 since 1816 Falkland Islands 5 since 1833 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