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[ 1 ] It is often associated with the Christian right (per 2007 data). [ 2 ] Black conservatism often emphasizes social conservatism , traditionalism , patriotism , capitalism , and free markets . During the Reconstruction era , many black voters supported the Republican Party. [ 3 ] Booker T. Washington had a more conservative approach to politics in the United States while W. E. B. DuBois called for more radical change. [ 4 ] Some African Americans supported Democrat Woodrow Wilson 's first presidential campaign and were betrayed by his policies once in office. [ 5 ] Under Franklin D. Roosevelt 's administration, during his first two terms, civil rights legislation was not passed, however, New Deal programs led to the black vote becoming more split. [ 6 ] In 1960, the Kennedy-Johnson campaign promoted civil rights as a central issue and during their administration, they passed anti-discrimination legislation, gaining the black vote. Since then, the Democratic Party has held a majority of the black votes in America, [ 7 ] although Pew Research Center polling has found that the percentage of African-Americans who identify as Democratic has declined in recent years, from 75% during Barack Obama 's presidency to 67% in 2020. A 2017 sample size of 10,245 voters concluded that just 8% of African-Americans identify as Republican. [ 8 ] Influential black Republicans in the early 21st century who have held public office include U.S. Senator Tim Scott , [ 9 ] U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , [ 10 ] Virginia Lt. Gov. Winsome Sears , [ 11 ] and Cabinet secretaries Ben Carson , [ 12 ] Condoleezza Rice , [ 13 ] and Colin Powell . [ 14 ] Political commentators Candace Owens , Thomas Sowell , Shelby Steele , Armstrong Williams , Larry Elder , Walter Williams , and Jason L. Riley are influential figures in black conservatism. Alan Keyes became the first African-American candidate to run in the Republican presidential primaries in 1996 , but he did not win any state's primary or caucus. Keyes ran for president again in 2000 [ 15 ] and in 2008 . " Tea Party " Republican Herman Cain staged a run for the presidency in 2012 . He received a brief surge of attention and popularity but withdrew before any primaries were held. [ 16 ] Neurosurgeon Ben Carson ran for the Republican nomination in the 2016 election . He polled well for a time in late 2015, but withdrew after the first Super Tuesday . [ 17 ] Carson received 857,039 votes during the Republican primaries; this total represented 2.75% of the votes cast. He was supported by seven delegates at the Republican National Convention. [ 18 ] African-American Republicans have not always been successful in winning elected office, including in states that are traditionally considered Republican strongholds: Herschel Walker lost the 2022 United States Senate election in Georgia , Daniel Cameron lost the 2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election , Mark Robinson lost the 2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election and Winsome Earle-Sears lost in the 2025 Virginia gubernatorial election . One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism . [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Black conservatives typically support do-for-self, self reliance, and personal responsibility. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture that they believe have created poverty and dependency. [ 21 ] John McWhorter 's 2000 book Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America and Bill Cosby 's 2004 " Pound Cake speech " exemplified this critique, though their authors did not strictly come from the Black conservative movement. [ citation needed ] A 2007 Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of Black Americans identified as Religious Right . [ 2 ] In 2004, though, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of Black Americans identified as Republican. [ 22 ] A National Election Pool poll showed that support for California Proposition 8 (2008) (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among African-American voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8. [ 23 ] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among Black voters to be at 70% [ 24 ] and 75%, [ 25 ] respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate Barack Obama on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout. [ 26 ] Historical basis From Reconstruction up until the New Deal , the black population tended to vote Republican. [ 27 ] During that period, the Republican Party—particularly in the Southern United States —was seen as more racially progressive than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats ). [ citation needed ] Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt [ 28 ] and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy . Among Truman Administration officials, the publication of Henry Lee Moon 's Balance of Power spurred Democratic partisan support for African-American constituencies. [ 29 ] This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover 's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters. [ 30 ] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy . [ 31 ] [ better source needed ] Timeline of events - National African American Conservatives This is a timeline of significant events in African-American history that have shaped the conservative movement in the United States. 1954 – President Dwight Eisenhower appoints the following: Archie Alexander as Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands J. Ernest Wilkins Sr. as Undersecretary of Labor for International Labor Affairs E. Frederic Morrow as Administrative Officer for Special Projects Archie Alexander as Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands J. Ernest Wilkins Sr. as Undersecretary of Labor for International Labor Affairs E. Frederic Morrow as Administrative Officer for Special Projects Melvin H. Evans is elected Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands 1975 – President Gerald Ford appoints the following: William T. Coleman as Secretary of Transportation James B. Parsons is named Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court in Chicago William T. Coleman as Secretary of Transportation James B. Parsons is named Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court in Chicago 1978 – Melvin H. Evans is elected to U.S. Congress (Virgin Islands) Jean L. Harris is appointed Virginia Secretary of Human Resources Jean L. Harris is appointed Virginia Secretary of Human Resources 1979 – Ethel D. Allen is appointed Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 1980 – NAACP President Benjamin Hooks is invited to address the Republican National Convention 1981 – President Ronald Reagan appoints the following: Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. as Chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission Samuel Pierce as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. as Chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission Samuel Pierce as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1982 – President Reagan appoints Clarence Thomas as Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 1985 – President Reagan appoints Alan Keyes the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs . 1987 – President Reagan appoints Colin L. Powell the National Security Advisor . 1989 – President George H. W. Bush appoints the following: Louis Wade Sullivan as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services General Colin L. Powell as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Condoleezza Rice as Senior Director of the National Security Council for Soviet and East European Affairs Constance Berry Newman as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management Vernon Parker as Special Assistant to the President on the White House Staff Louis Wade Sullivan as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services General Colin L. Powell as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Condoleezza Rice as Senior Director of the National Security Council for Soviet and East European Affairs Constance Berry Newman as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management Vernon Parker as Special Assistant to the President on the White House Staff 1990 – Arthur Fletcher is appointed as the Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights 1990 – President George H. W. Bush appoints George W. Haley chairman of the Postal Rate Commission 1990 – Gary Franks (CT) is elected to U.S. Congress 1991 – President George H. W. Bush appoints Clarence Thomas to U.S. Supreme Court 1993 – President George H. W. Bush appoints John W. Shannon as United States Under Secretary of the Army 1994 – Victoria Buckley elected as Secretary of State of Colorado Lonna Hooks appointed as Secretary of State of New Jersey Lonna Hooks appointed as Secretary of State of New Jersey 1994 – J. C. Watts (OK) elected to U.S. Congress 1998 – U.S. House of Representatives elects J. C. Watts (R-OK) to be Chairman of the House Republican Conference. 1998 – DeForest Soaries appointed as Secretary of State of New Jersey 1998 – Ken Blackwell elected as the Ohio Secretary of State 1998 – Joe Rogers elected as the Lieutenant Governor of Colorado 1999 - Russell M. Perry appointed as Oklahoma Secretary of Commerce Michael L. Williams appointed as Railroad Commissioner of Texas Michael L. Williams appointed as Railroad Commissioner of Texas 2001 – President George W. Bush appoints the following: General Colin Powell as the United States Secretary of State Roderick R. Paige as the United States Secretary of Education Condoleezza Rice as Advisor of the National Security Council Alphonso Jackson as the Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Claude Allen as the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Leo S. Mackay Jr. as the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Larry D. Thompson as the United States Deputy Attorney General Michael Powell as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission Stephen A. Perry as Administrator of General Services Administration Kay Coles James as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management Charles E. James, Sr. as Director of Federal Contract Compliance Ruth A. Davis as Director General of the Foreign Service Reginald J. Brown as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Coordinator for Counterterrorism Eric M. Bost as Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services Brian C. Roseboro as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets Dr. Eric Motley as Deputy Associate Director, Office of Presidential Personnel Pierre-Richard Prosper as United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues Andrea Barthwell as deputy director for Demand Reduction at the Office of National Drug Control Policy General Colin Powell as the United States Secretary of State Roderick R. Paige as the United States Secretary of Education Condoleezza Rice as Advisor of the National Security Council Alphonso Jackson as the Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Claude Allen as the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Leo S. Mackay Jr. as the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs Larry D. Thompson as the United States Deputy Attorney General Michael Powell as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission Stephen A. Perry as Administrator of General Services Administration Kay Coles James as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management Charles E. James, Sr. as Director of Federal Contract Compliance Ruth A. Davis as Director General of the Foreign Service Reginald J. Brown as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Coordinator for Counterterrorism Eric M. Bost as Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services Brian C. Roseboro as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets Dr. Eric Motley as Deputy Associate Director, Office of Presidential Personnel Pierre-Richard Prosper as United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues Andrea Barthwell as deputy director for Demand Reduction at the Office of National Drug Control Policy 2001 – Randy Daniels , Secretary of State of New York joins the GOP. 2002 – President George W. Bush appoints the following: Major General Claude M. Bolton Jr. as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology Lynn Swann as Chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security Ron Christie as Special Assistant to the President Gerald A. Reynolds as Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights Major General Claude M. Bolton Jr. as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology Lynn Swann as Chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security Ron Christie as Special Assistant to the President Gerald A. Reynolds as Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights 2002 – Michael Steele elected as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland 2002 – Jennette Bradley elected as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio 2003 – President George W. Bush appoints the following: Clark Ervin as Inspector General of the United States Department of Homeland Security Vernon Parker as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Civil Rights Clark Ervin as Inspector General of the United States Department of Homeland Security Vernon Parker as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Civil Rights 2004 – President George W. Bush appoints the following: Alphonso Jackson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Gerald A. Reynolds as Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights Constance Berry Newman as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Brian C. Roseboro as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance Alphonso Jackson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Gerald A. Reynolds as Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights Constance Berry Newman as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Brian C. Roseboro as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance 2004 – Randy Brock elected as Vermont Auditor of Accounts 2005 – President George W. Bush appoints the following: Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State Claude Allen as Director of the Domestic Policy Council Admiral John O. Agwunobi as United States Assistant Secretary for Health Jendayi Frazer as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs B. J. Penn as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment) Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State Claude Allen as Director of the Domestic Policy Council Admiral John O. Agwunobi as United States Assistant Secretary for Health Jendayi Frazer as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs B. J. Penn as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment) 2005 – Jennette Bradley is appointed Ohio State Treasurer 2006 – President George W. Bush appoints the following: Lurita Doan as Administrator of the U.S. General Services Administration Ronald J. James as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Naomi C. Earp as Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Lurita Doan as Administrator of the U.S. General Services Administration Ronald J. James as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Naomi C. Earp as Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 2009 – Michael Steele elected Chairman of the Republican National Committee 2010 – Tim Scott (SC) and Lt Col. Allen West (FL) elected to U.S. Congress 2010 – Jennifer Carroll is elected Lieutenant Governor of Florida [ 32 ] Gerard Robinson is appointed Virginia Secretary of Education Gerard Robinson is appointed Virginia Secretary of Education 2011 – Herman Cain sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2012 2012 – Artur Davis , a former Democratic Party member of the United States House of Representatives joins the GOP. 2013 – Tim Scott (SC) is appointed to the U.S. Senate . 2013 – Dwayne Sawyer is appointed as Indiana State Auditor 2014 – Mia Love (UT) and Will Hurd (TX) elected to U.S. Congress 2014 – Boyd Rutherford is elected Lieutenant Governor of Maryland 2015 – Ben Carson sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 2015 – Jenean Hampton is elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky 2016 – Curtis Hill is elected Indiana Attorney General 2016 – Colin Powell receives three electoral votes for president from faithless electors 2017 – President Donald Trump appoints the following: Ben Carson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Omarosa Manigault as Director of Communications for the Office of Public Liaison Jerome Adams as Surgeon General of the United States Naomi C. Earp as Agriculture Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights Alveda King as a member of the Frederick Douglass Bicentennial Commission Johnny C. Taylor Jr. as Chairman of the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Ja'Ron Smith as Director of Urban Affairs and Revitalization Charles E. James, Sr. as Director of the Transport Department Office of Civil Rights Cyril Sartor as Director for African Affairs James E. Williams as Chief Financial Officer of Labor Brigadier General L. Eric Patterson as Director of Homeland Security's Federal Protective Service Jacquelyn Hayes-Byrd as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Human Resources and Administration Dana W. White as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Andrew F. Knaggs as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Combating Terrorism Gary Washington as Member of the Board of Directors of the Commodity Credit Corporation Ben Carson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Omarosa Manigault as Director of Communications for the Office of Public Liaison Jerome Adams as Surgeon General of the United States Naomi C. Earp as Agriculture Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights Alveda King as a member of the Frederick Douglass Bicentennial Commission Johnny C. Taylor Jr. as Chairman of the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Ja'Ron Smith as Director of Urban Affairs and Revitalization Charles E. James, Sr. as Director of the Transport Department Office of Civil Rights Cyril Sartor as Director for African Affairs James E. Williams as Chief Financial Officer of Labor Brigadier General L. Eric Patterson as Director of Homeland Security's Federal Protective Service Jacquelyn Hayes-Byrd as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Human Resources and Administration Dana W. White as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Andrew F. Knaggs as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Combating Terrorism Gary Washington as Member of the Board of Directors of the Commodity Credit Corporation 2018 – President Donald Trump appoints the following: Kiron Skinner as Director of Policy Planning Kiron Skinner as Director of Policy Planning 2018 – Robyn Crittenden appointed Secretary of State of Georgia 2019 – President Donald Trump appoints the following: Tamara Bonzanto as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Accountability and Whistleblower Protection) Hannibal Ware as Inspector General of the Small Business Administration Michael Kubayanda as Commissioner of the Postal Regulatory Commission Rodney Hood as a Member of the National Credit Union Administration Tamara Bonzanto as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Accountability and Whistleblower Protection) Hannibal Ware as Inspector General of the Small Business Administration Michael Kubayanda as Commissioner of the Postal Regulatory Commission Rodney Hood as a Member of the National Credit Union Administration 2019 – Daniel Cameron elected Kentucky Attorney General 2020 – Burgess Owens (UT) and Byron Donalds (FL) [ 33 ] elected to U.S. Congress 2020 – Mark Robinson is elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina Aurelia Skipwith Giacometto appointed as Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Aurelia Skipwith Giacometto appointed as Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2021 – Winsome Sears is elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia – Timothy DeFoor is elected Pennsylvania Auditor General – Fitz Johnson appointed to the Georgia Public Service Commission – Timothy DeFoor is elected Pennsylvania Auditor General – Fitz Johnson appointed to the Georgia Public Service Commission 2022 – Wesley Hunt (TX) and John James (MI) elected to U.S. Congress 2025 – President Donald Trump appoints the following: Scott Turner as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Lynne Patton as Director of Minority Outreach Harrison Fields as White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary Olivia Trusty as a Member of the Federal Communications Commission Alice Marie Johnson as White House Pardon Czar Peter Kirsanow as Chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights Scott Turner as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Lynne Patton as Director of Minority Outreach Harrison Fields as White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary Olivia Trusty as a Member of the Federal Communications Commission Alice Marie Johnson as White House Pardon Czar Peter Kirsanow as Chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights Modern African-American conservatives Wallace Gilberry – U.S. House candidate (2024) and Cincinnati Bengals football player [ 34 ] Kenneth Paschal – Alabama State Representative (2021–present) [ 35 ] Juan Chastang – Mobile County Commissioner (2005–2008) [ 36 ] David S. Wilson – Alaska State Senator (2017–2025) Stanley Wright – Alaska State Assemblyman (2023–2025) Sharon Jackson – Alaska State Assemblywoman (2018–2021) [ 37 ] Walt Furnace – Alaska State Assemblyman (1983–1991) Selwyn Carrol – Alaska State Assemblyman (1973–1975) David Marshall – Arizona State Representative (2023–2026) Jerone Davison – U.S. House candidate (2022) and Oakland Raiders football player Walter Blackman – Arizona State Representative (2019–2023; 2025–present) and U.S. House candidate (2022) Coy Payne - Mayor of Chandler (1990–1994) Joseph K. Wood – Chairman of the Arkansas Republican Party (2023–present) Kevin Lincoln – Mayor of Stockton (2021–2025) Larry Elder [ 38 ] – Governor of California nominee (2021) Rosey Grier – Governor of California candidate (2018) and New York Giants football player. Damon Dunn – California Secretary of State nominee ( 2010 ) and Dallas Cowboys football player H. Abram Wilson – Mayor of San Ramon (2002–2007) Ward Connerly – University of California Regent (1993–2005) Aundre Bumgardner – Connecticut State Representative (2015–2017) George Logan – Connecticut State Senator (2017–2021) and U.S. House nominee (2022) Donald Blakey – Delaware State Representative (2007–2015) T. K. Waters - Sheriff of Jacksonville (2022–present) Renatha Francis – Justice of the Supreme Court of Florida (2022–present) Corey Simon – Florida State Senator (2022–present) and Indianapolis Colts football player. Berny Jacques – Florida State Representative (2022–present) Kiyan Michael – Florida State Representative (2022–present) Webster Barnaby – Florida State Representative (2021–present) Mike Hill – Florida State Representative (2019–2021 and 2013–2017) Peter Boulware – Florida House of Representatives nominee (2008) and Baltimore Ravens football player [ 39 ] Rudy Bradley – Florida State Representative (1994–2000) Mesha Mainor – Georgia State Representative (2021–2025; elected as a Democrat, switched to Republican in July 2023) Herschel Walker – U.S. Senate nominee (2022) and Dallas Cowboys football player Larry Rivers – Commissioner of Chatham County (2021–2023) and Harlem Globetrotters basketballer Melvin Everson – Georgia State Representative (2005–2011) Willie Talton – Georgia State Representative (2005–2015) Harold Melton – Associate Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (2005–2018) and Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (2018–2021) Vernon Jones – Georgia State Representative (1993–2001 and 2017–2021; previously a Democrat , switched to Republican in January 2021) Kenji Price – United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii (2018–2021) Richard Irvin – Mayor of Aurora (2017–2025) Erika Harold – Illinois Attorney General nominee (2018), U.S. House candidate (2012/2014) and Miss America (2003) John D. Anthony – Illinois State Representative (2013–2016) Roger Brown – Indianapolis City Councilor (1993–1997) and Indiana Pacers basketball player Ray Crowe – Indiana State Representative (1966–1975) Eddie Andrews – Iowa State Representative (2021–present) Patrick Penn – Kansas State Representative (2021–present) Tony Barton – Kansas State Representative (2015–2017) Willie Dove – Kansas State Representative (2013–2021) George W. Haley [ citation needed ] – Kansas State Senator (1964–1968) Edwin Sexton – Kansas State Senator (1964–1965) Donald Douglas – Kentucky State Senator (2021–present) Patrick Penn – Kentucky State Representative (2021–2025) Tony Barton – Kentucky State Representative (2015–2017) Willie Dove – Kentucky State Representative (2013–2021) Edwin Sexton – Kentucky State Senator (1964–1966) George W. Haley – Kentucky State Senator (1964–1968) Amelia Tucker – Kentucky State Representative (1962–1964) Elbert Guillory – Louisiana State Senator (2009–2015) and Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana candidate (2015 and 2023) Ezola Foster – Reform Party Vice Presidential candidate of Pat Buchanan in the 2000 race against Al Gore and George W. Bush LaToya Nkongolo – Maryland State Delegate (2025–present) Brenda J. Thiam – Maryland State Delegate (2020–2023) Kimberly Klacik – U.S. House nominee (2020) Aris T. Allen – Maryland State Delegate (1991 and 1967–1974), Lieutenant Governor nominee (1978) and State Senator (1979–1982) Marcus Vaughn – Massachusetts State Representative (2023–present) Frank Cousins – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1996) and Essex County Sheriff (1996–2018) Althea Garrison – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1995) and Boston City Councilor (2019–20) Kurtis T. Wilder – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2017–2018) James Craig – Chief of the Detroit Police Department (2013–2021) and Gubernatorial candidate (2022) Paul H. Scott – Michigan State Representative (2009–2011) Larry DeShazor – Michigan State Representative (2009–2011) Bill Hardiman – Michigan State Senator (2003–2011), Mayor of Kentwood, Michigan (1992–2002) and U.S. House candidate (2010) Robert P. Young Jr. – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1999–2017) and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2011–2017) Keith Butler – Detroit Councilman (1989–1993) and U.S. Senate candidate (2006) William Lucas – Wayne County Sheriff (1969–1982) and Governor of Michigan nominee (1986) Royce White – U.S. Senate nominee (2024) and Sacramento Kings basketball player Walter Hudson – Minnesota State Representative (2023–present) Lisa Demuth – Minnesota State Representative (2019–present) and Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives (2025–present) Ray Pleasant – Minnesota State Representative (1973–1981) Rodney Hall – Mississippi State Representative (2024–present) Angela McGlowan – Miss District of Columbia USA (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010) Nic Lott – chairman for the Mississippi Young Republicans Yvonne Brown – Mayor of Tchula, Mississippi (2001–2009) and U.S. House nominee (2006) Charles Evers – Mayor of Fayette, Mississippi (1969–1981 and 1985–1989) Perry Wilbon Howard II – Republican National Committeeman from Mississippi (1924–1960) Mary Booze – Republican National Committeewoman from Mississippi (1924–1955) Justin Hicks – Missouri State Representative (2023–2025) Shamed Dogan – Missouri State Representative (2015–2023) Neal E. Boyd – 2008 Winner of America's Got Talent and nominee/candidate for the Missouri House of Representatives (2012/2014) Sherman Parker – Missouri State Representative (2002–2008) Carson Ross – Missouri State Representative (1989–2002) and Mayor of Blue Springs, Missouri (2008–2022) Dinah Abrahamson – Nebraska State Central Committeewoman (2005–2013) Niger Innis – Director of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and U.S. House candidate (2014) Maurice Washington – Nevada State Senator (1994–2010) Lynette Boggs – Miss Oregon (1989), Las Vegas City Council (1999–2004), Clark County Commission (2004–2006) and U.S. House nominee (2002) Jim Lawrence – New Hampshire State Representative (2004–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2016) Antwan McClellan – New Jersey State Assemblyman (2020–present) Garry Cobb – U.S. House nominee (2014) and Dallas Cowboys football player Bruce Harris – Mayor of Chatham Borough, New Jersey (2012–2019) and member of the New Jersey State Planning Commission (2020–present) [ 40 ] Martin G. Barnes – Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey (1997–2002) Thomas S. Smith – New Jersey State Assemblyman (1992–2002) Jim Usry – Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey (1984–1990) Matthew G. Carter [ citation needed ] – Mayor of Montclair, New Jersey (1968–1972) Ant Thornton – New Mexico State Senator (2024–present) Conrad James – New Mexico State Representative (2010–2012 and 2014–2016) Jane Powdrell-Culbert – New Mexico State Representative (2002–2022) Mazi Melesa Pilip – Member of the Nassau County Legislature (2022–present) Joe Pinion – United States Senate nominee 2022 Keith Wofford – Attorney General of New York nominee ( 2018 ) Michel Faulkner – U.S. House nominee (2010) and New York Jets football player Roy Innis – Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and a board member of the National Rifle Association of America . [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Myrtle Whitmore – Commissioner of the New York City Housing Authority (1996–1999) Richard E. Jackson – Commissioner of Motor Vehicles (1995–2000) Joseph Holland – Commissioner of Communities and Urban Renewal (1995–1997) James Garner – Mayor of Hempstead (1988–2005) and U.S. House nominee (2004) Brian Echevarria – North Carolina State Representative (2025–present) Ken Fontenot – North Carolina State Representative (2023–2025) Thomas Stith III – Governor of North Carolina Pat McCrory 's Chief of Staff (2013–2016) Dr. Ada Fisher – NC Republican National Committeewoman (2008–present) and U.S. House nominee (2006 and 2008) Josh Williams – Ohio State Representative (2023–present) Michele Reynolds – Ohio State Senator (2023–present) Janet C. Howard – Ohio State Senator (1995–1998) Robert C. Henry – Mayor of Springfield, Ohio (1966–1968) Dave Albritton – Ohio State Representative (1961–1972) Erick Harris – Oklahoma State Representative (2024–present) Marlon Coleman – Mayor of Muskogee (2020–2024) T. W. Shannon – Oklahoma State Representative (2007–2015) and Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (2013–2014) Jackie Winters – Oregon State Senator (2002–2019) Harry Lewis Jr. – Pennsylvania State Representative (2014–2018) Lynn Swann – Governor of Pennsylvania Nominee (2006) and Pittsburgh Steelers football player [ 43 ] Renee Amoore – Pennsylvania's Republican State Committeewoman (1992–2000) Harriet Holman – South Carolina State Representative (2024–present) Mike Reichenbach – South Carolina State Senator (2022–present) Samuel Rivers Jr. – South Carolina State Representative (2012–2018) Tamara Grove – South Dakota State Senator (2024–present) Tony Randolph – South Dakota State Representative (2018–present) Katrina Pierson – Texas state representative (2025–present) Charles Cunningham – Texas State Representative (2023–present) Eric Johnson – Mayor of Dallas (2019–present; elected as a Democrat, switched to Republican in 2023) Shawn Thierry – Texas State Representative (2017–2025; elected as a Democrat, switched to Republican in August 2024) Scott Turner – Texas State Representative (2013–2017) and Denver Broncos football player Stefani Carter – Texas State Representative (2011–2015) James White – Texas State Representative (2011–2023) Clay Smothers – Texas State Representative (1977–1981; elected as a Democrat, switched to Republican in 1979) Alvin B. Jackson – Utah State Senator (2013–2016) James Evans – Utah State Senator (2002–2004) and Chairman of the Utah Republican Party (2013–2017) Randy Brock – Vermont State Senator (2009–2013, 2017–present) and Vermont Auditor of Accounts (2005–2007) A.C Cordoza – Virginia State Delegate (2022–present) Winsome Earle-Sears – Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (2022–present), Governor of Virginia nominee (2025) E. W. Jackson – Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Nominee (2013) Paul Clinton Harris – Virginia State Delegate (1998–2002) Noel C. Taylor [ citation needed ] – Mayor of Roanoke, Virginia (1975–1992) Michael Ross [ citation needed ] – Washington State Representative (1971–1973) Charles Stokes [ citation needed ] – Washington State Representative (1951–1959) Caleb Hanna – West Virginia State Delegate (2018–2024) Jill Upson – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–2018) Julian Bradley – Wisconsin State Senator (2021–present) Lynn Hutchings – Wyoming State Representative (2012–2014) and Wyoming State Senator (2018–present) District of Columbia Jerry A. Moore Jr. – Member of the Washington DC City Council (1975-1985) United States judges U.S. Supreme Court justices Clarence Thomas – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1991–present) [ 44 ] U.S. Court of Appeals judges Janice Rogers Brown – U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2005–2017) and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1996–2005) [ 45 ] Jerome Holmes [ citation needed ] – United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit Lavenski Smith – Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (2002–present) [ 46 ] Statewide judges Sara J. Harper [ citation needed ] – Ohio Court of Appeals (1990–2003) Lisa Holder White – Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court (since 2022), Judge of the Illinois Fourth District Appellate Court (2013–2022), Trial Judge Illinois Sixth Judicial Circuit Court (2001–2013) Dale Wainwright – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2003–2012) Wallace Jefferson – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2001–2004) and Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2004–2013) [ 47 ] Harold Melton – Associate Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (2005–2018) and Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (2018–2021) [ 48 ] Kurtis T. Wilder – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2017–2018) [ 49 ] Robert P. Young Jr. – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1999–2017) and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2011–2017) [ 50 ] U.S. District court judges Angela Tucker [ citation needed ] – Texas District Court Judge (2012–present) Ada E. Brown – United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas Bill Lewis [ citation needed ] – Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama (2025–present) George C. Hanks Jr. [ citation needed ] – Justice on the Texas state First Court of Appeals (2010–2015) and Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (2015–present) David W. Williams [ citation needed ] – Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California (1969–2000) County and municipal judges Kevin A. Ross – Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court (1996–2005) and Judge on America's Court with Judge Ross (2010–present) [ 51 ] Robert Heberton Terrell [ citation needed ] – Judge to the District of Columbia Municipal Court (1901–1924) Lynn Toler – Arbitrator on the court series Divorce Court (2001–present) [ 52 ] Political commentators, authors and journalists Kathy Barnette – Political commentator, 2020 U.S. House nominee , and 2022 U.S. Senate candidate [ 53 ] Deneen Borelli – Author, columnist, and Fox News contributor [ 54 ] C.L. Bryant – TV host [ 55 ] Kevin Corke – Journalist and national news correspondent for FOX News Diamond and Silk (Lynnette Hardaway and Rochelle Richardson) – Live-stream video bloggers, political activists and Newsmax TV hosts [ 56 ] Larry Elder , political commentator, radio host, 2021 Gubernatorial candidate and 2024 Presidential candidate [ 57 ] Amy Holmes – News anchor and political contributor on CNN [ 58 ] Armond White – Film critic for National Review and Out Magazine [ 59 ] Armstrong Williams – Author of Beyond Blame and TV host of On Point [ 60 ] Ben Kinchlow – Evangelist, television and radio personality [ 61 ] Bo Snerdley – Radio host [ 62 ] Brandon Tatum – Former police officer, commentator and professional speaker [ 63 ] Candace Owens – Writer and commentator [ 64 ] Kimberly Klacik – political commentator, TV and radio host, 2020 U.S. House nominee , and 2024 U.S. House nominee [ 65 ] Charles Payne – Fox News and Fox Business journalist CJ Pearson – Conservative activist and media personality [ 66 ] Eboni K. Williams – Attorney and radio and TV personality Harris Faulkner – Television host for Fox News [ 67 ] Jesse Lee Peterson – President of the Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny [ 68 ] Jason Riley – Journalist [ 69 ] Jason Whitlock – Sports Journalist, radio personality, commentator and writer [ 70 ] Lawrence B. Jones – Radio host, contributor to Fox News , and author [ 71 ] Lenny McAllister – Author and radio talk-show host [ 72 ] Leo Terrell – civil rights attorney, talk radio host [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Michael King [ citation needed ] – Emmy Award -winning television producer Michelle Bernard – Journalist [ 75 ] Paris Dennard – Commentator on CNN and NPR , and the Senior Director of Strategic Communications for the Thurgood Marshall College Fund [ 76 ] Raynard Jackson – Columnist and TV political analyst [ 77 ] Sage Steele – Television anchor [ 78 ] Joe Pinion – television host, businessman, and United States Senate nominee 2022 [ 79 ] Shelby Steele – Author [ 80 ] Tommy Sotomayor – Radio and internet talk show host, YouTube personality, men's rights activist and film producer [ 81 ] Tony Brown – Journalist and host of Tony Brown's Journal Tyrus – Professional wrestler, actor and Fox News commentator [ 82 ] Glenn Loury – Academic, economist, and podcast host [ 83 ] Walter Edward Williams – Economist, commentator, and academic [ 84 ] Deroy Murdock – National Review columnist [ 85 ] [ unreliable source? ] Ken Hamblin – Denver Post columnist [ 86 ] Jason L. Riley — The Wall Street Journal [ 87 ] Robert A. George – Columnist for the New York Post Sophia A. Nelson [ citation needed ] – author snd journalist Star Parker – President of the Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education , columnist and author [ 88 ] Stephen L. Carter – Christianity Today columnist, author of The Culture of Disbelief Carol Swain – Author and Candidate for Mayor of Nashville in 2019 [ 89 ] Angela Stanton-King – Author and nominee for Georgia's 5th congressional district (2020) [ 90 ] Antonio Brown – former NFL wide receiver [ 91 ] Royce White – U.S. Senate nominee (2024) and Sacramento Kings basketball player [ 92 ] Ottis Anderson – former NFL running back [ 93 ] Budda Baker – NFL safety [ 94 ] Le'Veon Bell – former NFL running back [ 95 ] Lynn Swann – 2006 Gubernatorial nominee and Pittsburgh Steelers football player [ 43 ] Michel Faulkner – U.S. House nominee (2010) and New York Jets football player [ 96 ] Garry Cobb – U.S. House nominee (2014) and Dallas Cowboys football player Anthony Watson – Olympic skeleton racer [ 97 ] David Tyree – NFL Football player [ 98 ]

Ernie Banks – MLB baseball player [ 99 ] Greg Anthony – NBA basketball player [ 100 ] Jonathan Isaac – NBA basketball player [ 101 ] [ unreliable source? ] Karl Malone – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player [ 102 ] Mike Tyson – professional boxer [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Ronald Pickard – Former Olympian and candidate for U.S. Delegate (2024) Thurman Thomas – NFL Football player [ 105 ] Tony Dungy – NFL Football player and coach [ 106 ] Wallace Gilberry – U.S. House candidate (2024) and Cincinnati Bengals football player [ 107 ] Jerone Davison – U.S. House candidate (2022 & 2024) and Oakland Raiders football player [ 108 ] Rosey Grier – Governor of California candidate (2018) and New York Giants football player [ 109 ] Damon Dunn – California Secretary of State nominee ( 2010 ) and Dallas Cowboys football player [ 110 ] Peter Boulware – Florida House of Representatives nominee (2008) and Baltimore Ravens football player [ citation needed ] Neal E. Boyd – 2008 Winner of America's Got Talent , nominee for the Missouri House of Representatives in 2012, and candidate for the Missouri House of Representatives in 2014 Nick Cannon – comedian and television presenter [ 111 ] Azealia Banks – rapper [ 112 ] Benny the Butcher – rapper [ 113 ] Icewear Vezzo – rapper [ 114 ] Swae Lee – rapper and member of Rae Sremmurd [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Lil Wayne – rapper [ 117 ] Lord Jamar – rapper and member of Brand Nubian [ 118 ] 42 Dugg – rapper [ 113 ] BigXthaPlug – rapper [ 119 ] Kodak Black – rapper [ 120 ] Erika Harold – Illinois Attorney General nominee (2018), U.S. House candidate (2012/2014) and Miss America (2003) [ 121 ] Angela McGlowan – Miss District of Columbia USA (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010) [ 122 ] Bryson Gray – Christian rapper [ 123 ] [ unreliable source? ] Fivio Foreign – Rapper [ 124 ] Isaiah Washington – Actor [ 125 ] James Brown – Singer and songwriter [ 126 ] Jimmie Walker – Actor [ 127 ] Joseph C. Phillips – Actor [ 128 ] Joy Villa – Singer and actress [ 129 ] Kanye West – Rapper and record producer [ 130 ] Kevin and Keith Hodge – YouTube commentators, comedians and trainers [ 131 ] Lionel Hampton – Musician [ citation needed ] Nicki Minaj – rapper and songwriter [ 132 ] Pearl Bailey – Actress and singer [ 133 ] [ better source needed ] Stacey Dash – Actress [ 134 ] Tommy Vext – singer [ 135 ] Topher – rapper, songwriter, and commentator [ 136 ] Civil rights, pastors and activists Alveda King – Niece of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and senior fellow at the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution [ 137 ] Ali Alexander – Social media personality and activist [ 138 ] Ayaan Hirsi Ali – Political activist [ 139 ] Darrell C. Scott – Pastor and activist Eddie Long – Pastor of the New Birth Missionary Baptist Church and activist [ 140 ] Eldridge Cleaver – Leader of the Black Panther Party [ 141 ] Mildred Fay Jefferson – First African American to graduate from Harvard Medical School and anti-abortion activist [ 142 ] Enrique Tarrio – Political activist Eugene Rivers – Activist and minister [ citation needed ] Ezola Foster – Teacher, writer, political activist, and unsuccessful candidate for public office on the Republican and Reform Party tickets [ 143 ] Georgia Benton – African-American member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy James David Manning – Pastor, ATLAH World Missionary Church , activist James Meredith – Civil rights campaigner, who served as domestic adviser to Jesse Helms [ 144 ] Julian Acciard - Podcastor, political strategist, NH gubernatorial candidate, author [ 145 ] Lorenzo Sewell – pastor and former gang leader [ 146 ] Michael the Black Man – activist [ 147 ] Manning Johnson – Former Communist who became an anti-communist activist Maj Toure – activist and rapper, founder of Black Guns Matter [ 148 ] [ unreliable source? ] H. K. Edgerton – African-American neoconfederate activist [ 149 ] Nelson W. Winbush – is an educator, who is notable as one of a handful of African-American members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) Mattie Clyburn Rice – was an African-American member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Robert Woodson – Civil rights activist [ 150 ] Stephen Broden – Pastor and Constitution Party nominee for Vice President (2024) [ 151 ] Tony Evans – Evangelical pastor and speaker [ 152 ] Voddie Baucham – Pastor, author, and educator [ 153 ] Niger Innis – Director of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and U.S. House candidate (2014) [ 154 ] Ward Connerly – University of California Regent (1993–2005) [ 155 ] General Counsel of the Department of Defense Earl Matthews (2025–present) Lieutenant Colonel Frances Rice – Chairwoman of the National Black Republican Association Major General Mary J. Kight – Adjutant General of California (2010–2011) [ 156 ] [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré [ 159 ] Herman Cain – CEO of Godfather's Pizza , talk show host, and 2012 U.S. Presidential candidate [ 160 ] Stephen N. Lackey – Businessman [ 161 ] Robert Oscar Lopez – Academic [ 162 ] Angel Joy Chavis Rocker – Guidance counselor and the first African-American woman to seek the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2000 Dinah Abrahamson – Nebraska State Central Committeewoman (2005–2013) Ezola Foster – Reform Party Vice Presidential candidate of Pat Buchanan in the 2000 United States Presidential election [ 163 ] Danedri Herbert – chair of the Kansas Republican Party (2025–present) [ 164 ] Kristina Karamo – Chair of the Michigan Republican Party (2023–2024) and 2022 nominee for Attorney General [ 165 ] Nic Lott – chairman for the Mississippi Young Republicans [ 166 ] Keith Wofford – Attorney General of New York nominee ( 2018 ) [ 167 ] Dr. Ada Fisher – NC Republican National Committeewoman (2008–2020) and U.S. House nominee (2006 and 2008) [ 168 ] Renee Amoore – Pennsylvania's Republican State Committeewoman (1992–2000) [ 169 ] Mark Burns – Pastor and candidate for U.S. House (2018, 2022, & 2024) [ 170 ] Glenn McCall – Republican National Committeeman (2008–2025) and Vice Chair of the South Carolina Republican Party (2008–2025) [ 171 ] E. W. Jackson – minister, lawyer, 2024 U.S. Presidential candidate , 2018 U.S. Senate candidate , 2013 Lt. Governor nominee , and 2012 U.S. Senate candidate [ 172 ] Congress of Racial Equality American Civil Rights Institute Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education National Black Republican Association Negro Republican Party Readjuster Party Black-and-tan faction United States portal Conservatism portal African-American leftism Conservative Democrat Hip Hop Republican African Americans in the United States Congress List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States Hispanic and Latino Conservatism in the United States The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States Black Lies, White Lies Uncle Tom (film) List of African-American Republicans Black-owned businesses Ethnocultural politics in the United States LGBTQ conservatism in the United States Women in conservatism in the United States ↑ Diamond, Sara (1996). Facing the Wrath: Confronting the Right in Dangerous Times . Common Courage Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-56751-078-2 . Christian Right activists allied with black conservatives to make their causes appear more mainstream across racial and class lines. In this vein, the Family Research Council (the lobbying affiliate of Focus on the Family) recently named as vice-president Kay Cole James, a black anti-abortion activist. 1 2 Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ↑ Myers, Tyler (2011). African-American Trailblazers: The Sociopolitical Factors of Success (Honors thesis). University of South Florida. Paper 31. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/debate-w-e-b-du-bois-and-booker-t-washington/ ↑ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/chicago-defender/422583/ ↑ Huckfeldt, Robert (1989). Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics . Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252016009 . ↑ Tate, Katherine (1994). From Protests to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections . New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 1– 238. ISBN 9780674325401 . ↑ "1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups" . Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy . 2018-03-20 . Retrieved 2020-07-01 . ↑ "What Tim Scott's 2024 Campaign Could Mean for Black Republicans (Published 2023)" . 2023-05-21 . Retrieved 2025-11-16 . ↑ "Lexington: The school of very hard knocks" . The Economist. 2007-10-04 . Retrieved 2011-05-17 . ↑ " 'I Look Like the Strategy': Winsome Sears Wants Black Voters to Rethink the G.O.P. (Published 2021)" . 2021-12-27 . Retrieved 2025-11-16 . ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2013-04-04). "The Conservative Black Hope" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2025-11-16 . ↑ Alexander-Floyd, Nikol-G (2021). Re-Imagining Black Women: A Critique of Post-Feminist and Post-Racial Melodrama in Culture and Politics . NYU Press. pp. 27– 58. ISBN 9781479820139 . ↑ Tensley, Brandon (2021-10-19). "Analysis: Colin Powell was a longtime Republican. But he often criticized the party's race problem | CNN Politics" . CNN . Retrieved 2025-11-16 . ↑ George, Robert (March 3, 2000). "A MAN WITH A MESSAGE – ALAN KEYES: THE REPUBLICAN LONG SHOT WHO'S WINNING DEBATES" . New York Post . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ↑ Murphy, Patricia (3 December 2011). "Herman Cain Exclusive Interview: He Talks About Why He Dropped Out, Plans" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ↑ Schuppe, Jon (March 2, 2016). "Ben Carson Withdraws From GOP Debate, Sees No 'Path Forward' " . NBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ↑ "Republican Convention 2016" . www.thegreenpapers.com . ↑ Wright Rigueur, Leah (15 February 2015). "The Forgotten History of Black Republicans" . The Daily Beast . New York City . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ↑ For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America , (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997) ↑ Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen (2008). Social History of the United States [ 10 volumes ] . ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-59884-128-2 . ↑ Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape Archived April 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ↑ "Exit Poll Shows Black and Hispanic Americans Overwhelmingly Backed Prop. 8" . KTVU . November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012 . Retrieved March 29, 2012 . ↑ "70% of African Americans backed Prop. 8, exit poll finds" . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2008-11-05 . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ↑ "Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 – Elections & Politics from" . CNN.com . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ↑ Morain, Dan; Garrison, Jessica (2008-11-06). "Focused beyond marriage" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013-11-01 . ↑ "For Black Republicans, A Dramatic Shift | UW College of Arts & Sciences" . artsci.washington.edu . Retrieved 2025-11-16 . ↑ "American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchine" . Millercenter.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-27 . Retrieved 2011-05-17 . ↑ Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth (2016). These United States: A Nation in the Making, 1890-Present (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 24. ISBN 9780393283075 . ↑ Dawson, Michael C. (1995). Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics . Princeton University Press. p. 102 . ISBN 0691025436 . herbert hoover fired black republicans. ↑ "How the party of Lincoln won over the once democratic south" . History.com . September 3, 2021. ↑ "Meet Lt. Governor Jennifer Carroll" . Archived from the original on 2012-03-12 . Retrieved 2012-03-24 . ↑ " 'Blessed and highly favored' Byron Donalds wins election for U.S. Congressional District 19, pledges water quality No. 1 priority" . ↑ Taylor | 11.29.23, Caleb. "Former University of Alabama, NFL defensive end Wallace Gilberry on…" . 1819 News . Retrieved 2023-12-31 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ↑ Moseley, Brandon (2021-07-12). "Kenneth Paschal in HD73 special election on Tuesday" . Alabama Political Reporter . Retrieved 2022-07-25 . ↑ "chastang" . Mobile Bay Times . Retrieved 2022-07-25 . ↑ "Sharon Jackson For Alaska" . Sharon Jackson For House (24) . Archived from the original on 2023-01-04 . Retrieved 2022-07-25 . ↑ Seipel, Brooke (July 12, 2021). "Conservative talk radio host Larry Elder enters California recall election against Newsom" . The Hill . Retrieved July 12, 2021 . ↑ "Peter Boulware" . Archived from the original on 2008-08-28 . Retrieved 2008-08-28 . ↑ "Former Chatham Borough Mayor Bruce Harris Named as New Member of State Planning Commission" . Chatham TapInto . February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020 . Retrieved March 26, 2020 . ↑ " 'Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby" . National Public Radio . 2007-11-15. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009 . Retrieved 2007-11-15 . ↑ "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board" , NRAwinningteam.com. Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine 1 2 Fletcher, Michael A. (2006-08-17). "Lynn Swann, Happy to Be on the President's Team" . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011-05-17 . ↑ "Clarence Thomas calls on conservatives to continue Justice Scalia's work" . CBS News . November 18, 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ↑ Norris, Michele (May 17, 2005). "Profile: Judge Janice Rogers Brown" . WJCT . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ↑ Brantley, Max (April 9, 2015). "Conservative panel set for 8th Circuit hearing on same-sex marriage case" . Arkansas Times . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ↑ Fikac, Peggy (September 7, 2013). "Departing Jefferson Reflects on His Path" . San Antonio Express-News . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ↑ Dunlap, Stanley (February 12, 2021). "Melton to step down after leading Georgia courts through COVID crisis" . Georgia Recorder . Retrieved 6 December 2025 . ↑ "Detroit-area prosecutor Worthy backs Wilder for top court" . Associated Press . October 30, 2018 . Retrieved December 6, 2025 . ↑ White, Ed (March 29, 2017). "Robert Young Jr is resigning from Michigan Supreme Court" . Associated Press . Retrieved December 6, 2025 . ↑ "Kevin A. Ross Bio, Wiki, Age, Wife, America's Court, Salary, Net Worth" . Fact Profiles . Retrieved 30 December 2025 . ↑ "Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I'm Republican" . 24 September 2012. ↑ Garcia, Eric (May 17, 2022). "Who is Kathy Barnette, the Black Republican woman who could be the GOP nominee for Senate in Pennsylvania?" . The Independent . Retrieved 2 January 2025 . ↑ "THE MEDIA WAR ON CONSERVATIVE WOMEN: DENEEN BORELLI COMMENTS" . National Center for Public Policy Research . July 5, 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2025 . ↑ Martin, Allie (March 9, 2015). "Video: Black Conservative Calls for Empowerment not Entitlement" . WCBI . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ↑ Calfas, Jennifer (April 11, 2018). "Mark Zuckerberg Was Just Asked About Diamond And Silk. Here's What to Know About the Trump-Supporting Sisters" . Time . Retrieved 2 January 2025 . ↑ Swanson, Justin (April 20, 2023). "Larry Elder, Republican Who Lost in California's Recall Election, Runs for President" . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ↑ "CNN TV – Anchors/Reporters:Amy Holmes" . CNN International . Retrieved 2021-09-14 . ↑ Biggins, Walter (January 14, 2014). "In Defense of Armond White" . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ↑ , National Association ↑ "Ben Kinchlow: Concern for Americans" . Christian Broadcasting Network . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ↑ Bayham, Mike (July 14, 2021). "BAYHAM: An Interview With James Golden, Whom You Know Better As Bo Snerdley" . The Hay Ride . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ↑ Kasprak, Alex (2020-06-17). "Ex-Cop Brandon Tatum's Success Doesn't Disprove White Privilege" . Snopes . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ Kilander, Gustaf (2022-02-02). "Ted Cruz mocked for trolling tweet promoting Candace Owens for Supreme Court" . The Independent . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ Lee, John (February 8, 2024). "Klacik joins race in Maryland's 2nd Congressional District" . WYPR . Retrieved 12 December 2025 . ↑ Zorthian, Julia (September 19, 2015). "Meet 13-Year-Old Conservative Activist CJ Pearson" . Time . Retrieved 1 January 2025 . ↑ Shultz, Cara Lynn (January 2, 2026). "The Unstoppable Harris Faulkner: The Fox News Anchor Making Waves" . People . Retrieved 2 January 2025 . ↑ Palmer, Ewan (2018-05-02). "Piers Morgan Ends Interview Over 'Vile' BLM Comments" . Newsweek . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ Lydgate, Chris (May 28, 2018). "Conservative Author Offers Contrarian View of Black Power" . Reed Magazine . Retrieved 2 January 2025 . ↑ Ramirez, Nikki McCann (2022-10-10). "Conservatives Are Mad Kanye Was Censored for Threatening 'Death Con 3' Against Jews" . Yahoo Entertainment . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ Moyer, Justin Wm. (April 6, 2016). "Conservative commentator Lawrence B. Jones behind crowdfunding for Ind. pizza shop that won't cater gay wedding" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 16, 2022 . Retrieved January 17, 2024 . ↑ Samuel, Stacey (2011-12-04). "Young Republicans on Cain: 'It can be rough … being a black conservative' " . CNN . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ "Leo Terrell warns California 'in trouble' after Newsom defeats Elder in recall election" . Fox Business . September 15, 2021 . Retrieved 3 January 2025 . ↑ Peter Elkind, Katherine Mangan (2025-08-27). "The Leader of Trump's Assault on Higher Education Has a Troubled Legal and Financial History" . ProPublica . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ Lukas, Carrie (April 9, 2009). "Michelle Bernard: 'The Republican Party Needs to Find Its Soul' " . Independent Women . Retrieved 3 January 2025 . ↑ Greenwood, Max (August 26, 2022). "RNC says national spokesman 'no longer works' for party" . AOL . Retrieved 3 January 2025 . ↑ "Raynard Jackson: Conservative Speaker" . WORT . November 27, 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ↑ "Sage Steele: 'I Lived In Fear' During Final Years at ESPN" . Barrett Media . December 28, 2023 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ↑ "Another New Face for the Westchester GOP" . Yonkers Times . July 11, 2018 . Retrieved 22 December 2025 . ↑ Mondoe, Sylvester (August 13, 1990). "Shelby Steele: Up From Obscurity" . Time . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ↑ Kenney, Tanasia (2019-01-23). "MAGA Hat-Wearing YouTuber Reports Hooters Waitress to Management for Asking If He Supports Trump" . Atlanta Black Star . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ Benson, Guy (February 11, 2025). "Tyrus Joins the Guy Benson Show and Discusses the Super Bowl and the Changing Tide as a Black Conservative" . Fox News . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ↑ Seariac, Hanna (June 10, 2024). "Confessions of a Black conservative" . KSL . Retrieved 26 January 2026 . ↑ "Noted Black Conservative Economist, Opponent of 'the Welfare State', Prof. Walter E. Williams Dead at 84" . Christian Broadcasting Network . December 12, 2020 . Retrieved 27 January 2026 . ↑ del Guidice, Rachel (March 26, 2021). "How Conservatives Can Do Better in Engaging Black Americans" . The Daily Signal . Retrieved 6 January 2025 . ↑ Corliss, Richard (January 23, 1995). "Look Who's TALKING" . Time . Retrieved 6 January 2025 . ↑ Lydgate, Chris (May 28, 2018). "Conservative Author Offers Contrarian View of Black Power" . Reed Magazine . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . ↑ Hallman, Charles (October 31, 2017). "Once 'very lost,' Star Parker found religion and conservatism" . Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . ↑ Gonzalez, Tony (May 31, 2019). "Mayor's Race 2019: Carol Swain Says Nashville Needs An 'Outsider' " . WPLN . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ↑ Lannigan, Lucille (February 26, 2025). "Stepping away from conservative political background, Angela Stanton-King brings pregnancy resource center to Albany to help black mothers" . The Albany Herald . Retrieved 6 December 2025 . ↑ Holleran, Andrew (May 23, 2024). "Longtime NFL Star Officially Endorses Donald Trump For 2024" . The Spun . Retrieved May 23, 2024 . ↑ Wendling, Mike (August 14, 2024). "Royce White: A candidate's controversial path from NBA to Maga" . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2025 . ↑ Hascup, Jimmy (May 11, 2024). "Giants legend shows up next to Trump at rally — no longer a Democratic voter" . NJ.com . Retrieved May 12, 2024 . ↑ Gardner, Ashley (August 23, 2024). "Who's sitting in the VIP section at Trump's Glendale rally?" . 12 News . ↑ Nieto, Phillip (October 19, 2024). "Ex-NFL Star Antonio Brown Rails Against 'Tampon Tim' Walz At MAGA Rally, Claims He Isn't A Real Football Coach: 'He Could Never Guard Me' " . Mediaite . Retrieved October 19, 2024 . ↑ "Statement By Rev. Faulkner Against Republicans" . The Source . February 6, 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2025 . ↑ Gillheeney, Larry (November 18, 2025). "Turning Point USA and Anthony Watson to Ignite Cranston West Crowd with Talk on American Values" . The Ocean State Current . Retrieved 7 January 2025 . ↑ Garcia, Michelle (July 26, 2014). "Giants' David Tyree Claims Remorse Over Past Antigay Statements" . The Advocate . Retrieved 7 February 2025 . ↑ Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican? Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine . American Spectator . Retrieved February 1, 2015. ↑ Norwood, Robyn (March 31, 1990). "THE FINAL FOUR : Sen. Anthony a Pugnacious UNLV Leader : Rebels: A Republican, his forte is – as expected – defense" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 February 2025 . ↑ Hamilton, Heather (June 6, 2023). "NBA player Jonathan Isaac to 'create an alternative' to retail brands gone 'woke' " . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 9 January 2025 . ↑ "NEWSMEAT ▷ Karl Malone's Federal Campaign Contribution Report" . Newsmeat.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22 . Retrieved 2011-05-17 . ↑ Hamilton, Heather (August 30, 2022). "WATCH: Mike Tyson says being more conservative is 'common sense' " . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ↑ Dawson, Alan. "Mike Tyson said he used to be liberal but has become 'a little conservative' as he's gotten older" . Business Insider . ↑ Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). NFLer: Carl's no racist Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine . Capitol Tonight . Retrieved 2010-09-16. ↑ "My Sportsman: Tony Dungy" . Sports Illustrated . November 4, 2009 . Retrieved 23 January 2025 . ↑ Taylor, Caleb. "Former University of Alabama, NFL defensive end Wallace Gilberry on..." 1819 News . Retrieved 2023-12-31 . ↑ Fung, Katherine (July 6, 2022). "Black Republican Says He Needs AR-15 to Fight Off 'Democrats in Klan Hoods' " . Newsweek . Retrieved 23 November 2025 . ↑ Calfas, Jennifer (January 5, 2017). "Former Los Angeles Rams star: I'm running for California governor" . The Hill . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ↑ Mehta, Seema (April 13, 2010). "Activist who challenges Obama's citizenship is booted from Tax Day Tea Party" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2025 . ↑ Dunn, Jack (2026-03-28). "Nick Cannon Calls the Democratic Party the 'Party of the KKK' and Says 'I F— With Trump' " . Variety . Retrieved 2026-03-29 . ↑ "Azealia Banks admits to lying about voting for kamala harris, appeals to trump for tax breaks" . The Express Tribune . November 6, 2024 . Retrieved November 7, 2024 . 1 2 Fitzgerald, Trent (August 27, 2024). "15 Rappers Who Are Still Supporting Donald Trump" . XXL . Retrieved September 7, 2024 . ↑ Schuster, Simon (June 15, 2024). "Why Trump courts Detroit: He won't win city. In close race, he won't have to" . Bridge Michigan . Retrieved June 15, 2024 . ↑ Saponara, Michael (July 29, 2024). "Swae Lee Faces Backlash After Telling Fans Not to Vote for Kamala Harris" . Billboard . Retrieved September 29, 2024 . ↑ Pointer, Flisadam (April 9, 2023). "Swae Lee Says He Would Choose Trump Over Biden In The 2024 Election: 'He Freed Kodak, He Freed Wayne, He Tapped In' " . Uproxx . Retrieved September 29, 2024 . ↑ "From Elon Musk to Lil Wayne: Trump's celebrity endorsements for the 2024 U.S. presidential election" . Times of India . September 13, 2024 . Retrieved October 27, 2024 . ↑ Paul, Bryson "Boom" (October 3, 2024). "Rap Sheet: The Hip-Hop Stars Endorsing Trump or Harris" . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 3, 2024 . ↑ "BigXthaPlug Endorses Trump, Slams Kamala Harris in Viral Interview" . June 4, 2024. ↑ Price, Joe (August 16, 2024). "Fivio Foreign and Kodak Black Endorse Donald Trump on "ONBOA47RD" " . Complex . Retrieved August 16, 2024 . ↑ Frankel, Todd (February 10, 2014). "Is the GOP Ready for Erika Harold?" . Politico . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ↑ ISENSTADT, Alex (February 10, 2010). "Fox analyst launches House bid" . Politico . Retrieved 21 December 2025 . ↑ Atkinson, Grant (October 24, 2021). " 'I Don't Back Down': Banned 'Let's Go Brandon' Rapper Speaks Out" . The Western Journal . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ↑ Vassolo, Martin (August 16, 2024). "Florida rapper Kodak Black releases Trump campaign song" . Axios . Retrieved 11 February 2026 . ↑ "Former Grey's Anatomy Star Isaiah Washington Reveals That He is a Trump Supporter" . WBLS . September 5, 2019 . Retrieved 9 January 2025 . ↑ Andrews-Dyer, Helena (July 23, 2014). "Party Diary:James Brown Biopic Premiere at the Newseum" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ Brumburgh, Gary (January 20, 2020). "Whatever happened to Jimmie (J..J.) Walker?" . TV Banter . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ↑ "Minnesota Public Radio" . Minnesota Public Radio. 2006-06-13 . Retrieved 2011-05-17 . ↑ Romaine, Jenna (2017-02-12). "Joy Villa Unveils Donald Trump 'Make America Great Again' Dress on the Grammy Red Carpet" . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2017-02-12 . ↑ Chapman, Michelle (October 17, 2022). "Kanye West offers to buy conservative social media platform Parler" . PBS . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ↑ Condran, Ed (June 26, 2020). "Black twin brother comics Hodgetwins coming to Spokane disagree with Black Lives Matter movement" . The Spokesman-Review . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ↑ Bhattacharya, Trisha (November 20, 2025). "Nicki Minaj is now MAGA- Rapper publicly sides with Donald Trump, backs his stance on 'protecting' Christians in Nigeria" . Mint . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ↑ Finley, Jessica (2013). "Firespitters: Performance, Power, and Payoff in African American Women's Humor, 1968–Present" (PDF) . UC Berkeley . Retrieved 14 January 2025 . ↑ Carroll, Rory (March 11, 2018). "Stacey Dash on being a conservative in Hollywood: 'I've been blacklisted' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ↑ Pasbani, Robert (January 9, 2021). "Tommy Vext Reportedly Out of Bad Wolves" . Metal Injection . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ↑ Andrews, Travis (October 26, 2020). "Meet Topher, the rapper and Air Force vet who's become a top conservative TikTok star" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 January 2026 . ↑ Hallowell, Billy (November 2, 2025). "Alveda King Delivers Warning Surrounding Revival: 'Shame on Us' " . Christian Broadcasting Network . Retrieved 24 January 2026 . ↑ Siegel, Benjamin (December 18, 2021). " 'Stop the Steal' organizer Ali Alexander told Jan. 6 committee about contacts with Republican lawmakers" . ABC News . Retrieved 29 January 2026 . ↑ Spruyt, Bart-Jan (May 27, 2025). "Ayaan Hirsi Ali has now become a Christian conservative" . CNE . Retrieved 29 January 2026 . ↑ Leslie, Katie (September 23, 2010). "Bishop Eddie Long Pastor prominent on the national, world stage" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Retrieved 30 January 2026 . ↑ McKinley, Clark (December 31, 1983). "Eldridge Cleaver runs for Congress as conservative" . United Press International . Retrieved 30 January 2026 . ↑ Donnally, Jennifer; Dubow, Sara (April 23, 2015). "Mildred Jefferson and the Right to Life Revolution of 1976" . Massachusetts Historical Society . Retrieved 27 January 2026 . ↑ Prisock, Louis (2003). " "If You Love Children, Say So" " (PDF) . The Public Eye . 17 (3). Political Research Associates : 20 . Retrieved 31 January 2026 . ↑ "James Meredith" . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved 31 January 2026 . ↑ Sexton, Adam (May 20, 2021). "Acciard running in 1st District as pro-gun, pro-Trump constitutional conservative" . WMUR . Retrieved 1 February 2026 . ↑ Letson, Al (December 3, 2025). "One on One With Trump's Black MAGA Pastor" . The Center for Investigative Reporting . Retrieved 1 February 2026 . ↑ Iannelli, Jerry (August 5, 2018). "Five Times an Ex-Member of Murderous Miami Cult Has Popped Up at Trump Rallies" . Miami New Times . Retrieved 1 February 2026 . ↑ Davis, Daniel (March 21, 2019). "Founder of Black Guns Matter Speaks Out: 'Gun Control Is About People Control' " . The Daily Signal . Retrieved 1 February 2026 . ↑ Levin, Kevin (May 1, 2016). "H.K. Edgerton, Neo-Confederates & the Limits of Black Political Action" . Kevin M. Levin . Retrieved 1 February 2026 . ↑ Smither, William (October 13, 2015). "Robert L. Woodson Sr. (1937– )" . BlackPast.org . Retrieved 2 February 2026 . ↑ Hamilton, Reeve (September 23, 2010). "Stephen Broden: The TT Interview" . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved 3 February 2026 . ↑ Banks, Adelle (October 10, 2025). "Tony Evans talks about his next chapter, undisclosed 'sin' and new book" . Religion News Service . Retrieved 3 February 2026 . ↑ Smietana, Bob (September 25, 2025). "Voddie Baucham Jr., conservative Black pastor and seminary leader, dies at 56" . Religion News Service . Retrieved 3 February 2026 . ↑ Myers, Laura (January 15, 2014). "Republican Innis strikes populist theme in CD 4 race" . Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved 22 December 2025 . ↑ Wilayto, Phil (2000-09-07). "Ward Connerly & the American Civil Rights Institute" . MediaTransparency. Archived from the original on 2009-02-12 . Retrieved 2009-04-28 . ↑ "Brigadier General Mary J. Kight" . Archived from the original on 2009-07-29 . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . ↑ "Governor Schwarzenegger Appoints Brigadier General Mary J. Kight Adjutant General of the California National Guard" . Archived from the original on 2015-05-30 . Retrieved 2012-12-23 . ↑ Rothfeld, Michael (2010-02-01). "Mary J. Kight continues to be a trailblazer" . Los Angeles Times . ↑ General Russell Honore To Run Vs David Vitter In Louisiana US Race? Archived 2009-09-01 at the Wayback Machine ↑ Khan, Naureen (October 9, 2011). "Cain embraces "American black conservative" label" . CBS News . Retrieved 26 January 2026 . ↑ "Being Black and Republican in the Obama Era – An Interview With Stephen N. Lackey" . Atlanta Daily World . January 24, 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2026 . ↑ Kate Hardiman – University of Notre Dame (13 November 2015). "Professor faces suspension after sending students to pro-traditional family conference" . The College Fix . Retrieved 2 February 2026 . California State University-Northridge administrators have accused a conservative-leaning professor of retaliating against students who complained of discrimination after voluntarily attending an event on family issues for class credit... Dr. Robert Oscar Lopez was recently found guilty of "retaliatory acts" against students in violation of an administrative policy ↑ Smith, Doug (August 24, 2000). "Buchanan's Pick Had Checkered Career" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 December 2025 . ↑ Cooper, Brad (March 1, 2025). "Longtime Kobach aide prevails as GOP party chair over MAGA slate" . Sunflower State Journal . Retrieved 12 April 2026 . ↑ Orner, Ben (February 18, 2023). "Kristina Karamo, ultra-conservative election denier, is new Michigan GOP chair" . MLive . Retrieved December 6, 2025 . ↑ Ulmed, Sarah (July 5, 2019). "Trent Lott Endorses Nic Lott for Central District Public Service Commission" . Magnolia Tribune . Retrieved 21 December 2025 . ↑ "A Look at 2018 General Election Ballot Options" . Oswego County Today . November 6, 2018 . Retrieved 22 December 2025 . ↑ "Ada Fisher, influential NC Black Republican, dies at 74" . WFAE . October 11, 2022 . Retrieved 25 December 2025 . ↑ Brennan, Chris (May 5, 2020). "Renee Amoore, deputy chairperson of Pa. Republican Party, died at 67" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 25 December 2025 . ↑ Blue, Miranda (February 16, 2018). "Trump-Loving Pastor Mark Burns Running For Congress In South Carolina" . People For . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ↑ "Resolution in Memory of Glenn McCall" (PDF) . Republican National Committee . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ↑ "Virginia GOP nominates conservative Black Minister for Lt. Gov" . New Pittsburgh Courier . May 21, 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2026 . Further reading and listening Blain, Charles J., Black Churches Can't Stand Strong If They Keep Democrats as Their Platform (2017) Conti, Joseph G & Brad Stetson, Challenging the Civil Rights Establishment: Profiles of a New Black Vanguard (1993) Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. Black Conservatism: Essays in Intellectual and Political History (1999) Farina, Stan, Brad Stetson & Joseph G. Conti, eds. Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America (1997) Lewis, Angela K., "Black conservatism in America," Journal of African American Studies, Vol 8, Issue 4, pp. 3–13 (2005) Ondaatje, Michael, Black Conservative Intellectuals in Modern America (2010) Murray, Mark. " GOP diversity aims at a crucial Democratic bloc ." NBC News . April 25, 2006. " The New Black Republicans [ link removed ] ." WBUR , Boston's NPR . June 2, 2004. 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