еҸҜйҖүдёӯ1дёӘжҲ–еӨҡдёӘдёӢйқўзҡ„е…ій”®иҜҚпјҢжҗңзҙўзӣёе…іиө„ж–ҷгҖӮд№ҹеҸҜзӣҙжҺҘзӮ№вҖңжҗңзҙўиө„ж–ҷвҖқжҗңзҙўж•ҙдёӘй—®йўҳгҖӮ еңЁдёҚеҗҢзҡ„еҺҶеҸІж—¶жңҹпјҢеҸ—еҲ¶дәҺз”ҹдә§еҠӣеҸ‘еұ•ж°ҙе№іе’Ң科жҠҖеҸ‘еұ•ж°ҙе№іпјҢПҖ зҡ„и®Ўз®—ж–№жі•гҖҒи®Ўз®—ж•ҲзҺҮгҖҒеҮҶзЎ®еәҰеҗ„дёҚзӣёеҗҢгҖӮеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮпјҲПҖпјүзҡ„и®Ўз®—ж–№жі•зҡ„жҺўзҙўдё»иҰҒжңүе®һйӘҢж—¶жңҹгҖҒеҮ дҪ•жі•ж—¶жңҹгҖҒеҲҶжһҗжі•ж—¶жңҹгҖҒи®Ўз®—жңәж—¶д»ЈгҖӮ 1гҖҒе®һйӘҢж—¶жңҹвҖ”вҖ”еҜ№еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„дј°з®—пјҡ дёҖеқ—еҸӨе·ҙжҜ”дјҰзҹіеҢҫпјҲзәҰдә§дәҺе…¬е…ғеүҚ1900е№ҙиҮі1600е№ҙпјүжё…жҘҡең°и®°иҪҪдәҶеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮ = 25/8 = 3.125гҖӮеҗҢдёҖж—¶жңҹзҡ„еҸӨеҹғеҸҠж–Үзү©пјҢиҺұеӣ еҫ·ж•°еӯҰзәёиҚүд№ҰпјҲRhind Mathematical Papyrusпјүд№ҹиЎЁжҳҺеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзӯүдәҺеҲҶж•°16/9зҡ„е№іж–№пјҢзәҰзӯүдәҺ3.1605гҖӮеҹғеҸҠдәәдјјд№ҺеңЁжӣҙж—©зҡ„ж—¶еҖҷе°ұзҹҘйҒ“еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮдәҶгҖӮ иӢұеӣҪдҪң家 John Taylor (1781вҖ“1864) еңЁе…¶еҗҚи‘—гҖҠйҮ‘еӯ—еЎ”гҖӢпјҲгҖҠThe Great Pyramid: Why was it built, and who built it?гҖӢпјүдёӯжҢҮеҮәпјҢйҖ дәҺе…¬е…ғеүҚ2500е№ҙе·ҰеҸізҡ„иғЎеӨ«йҮ‘еӯ—еЎ”е’ҢеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮжңүе…ігҖӮдҫӢеҰӮпјҢйҮ‘еӯ—еЎ”зҡ„е‘Ёй•ҝе’Ңй«ҳеәҰд№ӢжҜ”зӯүдәҺеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„дёӨеҖҚпјҢжӯЈеҘҪзӯүдәҺеңҶзҡ„е‘Ёй•ҝе’ҢеҚҠеҫ„д№ӢжҜ”гҖӮе…¬е…ғеүҚ800иҮі600е№ҙжҲҗж–Үзҡ„еҸӨеҚ°еәҰе®—ж•ҷе·Ёи‘—гҖҠзҷҫйҒ“жўөд№ҰгҖӢпјҲSatapatha BrahmanaпјүжҳҫзӨәдәҶеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзӯүдәҺеҲҶж•°339/108пјҢзәҰзӯүдәҺ3.139гҖӮ 2гҖҒеҮ дҪ•жі•ж—¶жңҹвҖ”вҖ”еҜ№еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„и®Ўз®—ејҖе§Ӣиө°еҗ‘дё»еҠЁпјҢ并и¶ӢдәҺ科еӯҰпјҡ пјҲ1пјүеҸӨеёҢи…ҠдҪңдёәеҸӨд»ЈеҮ дҪ•зҺӢеӣҪеҜ№еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„иҙЎзҢ®е°ӨдёәзӘҒеҮәгҖӮ еҸӨеёҢи…ҠеӨ§ж•°еӯҰ家йҳҝеҹәзұіеҫ·(е…¬е…ғеүҚ287вҖ“212 е№ҙ) ејҖеҲӣдәҶдәәзұ»еҺҶеҸІдёҠйҖҡиҝҮзҗҶи®әи®Ўз®—еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮиҝ‘дјјеҖјзҡ„е…ҲжІігҖӮйҳҝеҹәзұіеҫ·д»ҺеҚ•дҪҚеңҶеҮәеҸ‘пјҢе…Ҳз”ЁеҶ…жҺҘжӯЈе…ӯиҫ№еҪўжұӮеҮәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„дёӢз•Ңдёә3пјҢеҶҚз”ЁеӨ–жҺҘжӯЈе…ӯиҫ№еҪўе№¶еҖҹеҠ©еӢҫиӮЎе®ҡзҗҶжұӮеҮәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„дёҠз•Ңе°ҸдәҺ4гҖӮжҺҘзқҖпјҢд»–еҜ№еҶ…жҺҘжӯЈе…ӯиҫ№еҪўе’ҢеӨ–жҺҘжӯЈе…ӯиҫ№еҪўзҡ„иҫ№ж•°еҲҶеҲ«еҠ еҖҚпјҢе°Ҷе®ғ们еҲҶеҲ«еҸҳжҲҗеҶ…жҺҘжӯЈ12иҫ№еҪўе’ҢеӨ–жҺҘжӯЈ12иҫ№еҪўпјҢеҶҚеҖҹеҠ©еӢҫиӮЎе®ҡзҗҶж”№иҝӣеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„дёӢз•Ңе’ҢдёҠз•ҢгҖӮ д»–йҖҗжӯҘеҜ№еҶ…жҺҘжӯЈеӨҡиҫ№еҪўе’ҢеӨ–жҺҘжӯЈеӨҡиҫ№еҪўзҡ„иҫ№ж•°еҠ еҖҚпјҢзӣҙеҲ°еҶ…жҺҘжӯЈ96иҫ№еҪўе’ҢеӨ–жҺҘжӯЈ96иҫ№еҪўдёәжӯўгҖӮжңҖеҗҺпјҢд»–жұӮеҮәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„дёӢз•Ңе’ҢдёҠз•ҢеҲҶеҲ«дёә223/71 е’Ң22/7пјҢ 并еҸ–е®ғ们зҡ„е№іеқҮеҖј3.141851 дёәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„иҝ‘дјјеҖјгҖӮйҳҝеҹәзұіеҫ·з”ЁеҲ°дәҶиҝӯд»Јз®—жі•е’ҢдёӨдҫ§ж•°еҖјйҖјиҝ‘зҡ„жҰӮеҝөпјҢз§°еҫ—дёҠжҳҜвҖңи®Ўз®—ж•°еӯҰвҖқзҡ„йј»зҘ–гҖӮ пјҲ2пјүдёӯеӣҪеҸӨз®—д№ҰгҖҠе‘Ёй«Җз®—з»ҸгҖӢпјҲзәҰе…¬е…ғеүҚ2дё–зәӘпјүзҡ„дёӯжңүвҖңеҫ„дёҖиҖҢе‘ЁдёүвҖқзҡ„и®°иҪҪпјҢж„ҸеҚіеҸ– жұүжңқж—¶пјҢеј иЎЎеҫ—еҮә пјҲзәҰдёә3.162пјүгҖӮиҝҷдёӘеҖјдёҚеӨӘеҮҶзЎ®пјҢдҪҶе®ғз®ҖеҚ•жҳ“зҗҶи§ЈгҖӮ пјҲ3пјүе…¬е…ғ263е№ҙпјҢдёӯеӣҪж•°еӯҰ家еҲҳеҫҪз”ЁвҖңеүІеңҶжңҜвҖқи®Ўз®—еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮпјҢд»–е…Ҳд»ҺеңҶеҶ…жҺҘжӯЈе…ӯиҫ№еҪўпјҢйҖҗж¬ЎеҲҶеүІдёҖзӣҙз®—еҲ°еңҶеҶ…жҺҘжӯЈ192иҫ№еҪўгҖӮд»–иҜҙвҖңеүІд№ӢејҘз»ҶпјҢжүҖеӨұејҘе°‘пјҢеүІд№ӢеҸҲеүІпјҢд»ҘиҮідәҺдёҚеҸҜеүІпјҢеҲҷдёҺеңҶе‘ЁеҗҲдҪ“иҖҢж— жүҖеӨұзҹЈгҖӮвҖқпјҢеҢ…еҗ«дәҶжұӮжһҒйҷҗзҡ„жҖқжғігҖӮ еҲҳеҫҪз»ҷеҮәПҖ=3.141024зҡ„еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮиҝ‘дјјеҖјпјҢеҲҳеҫҪеңЁеҫ—еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮ=3.14д№ӢеҗҺпјҢе°ҶиҝҷдёӘж•°еҖје’ҢжҷӢжӯҰеә“дёӯжұүзҺӢиҺҪж—¶д»ЈеҲ¶йҖ зҡ„й“ңеҲ¶дҪ“з§ҜеәҰйҮҸиЎЎж ҮеҮҶеҳүйҮҸж–ӣзҡ„зӣҙеҫ„е’Ңе®№з§ҜжЈҖйӘҢпјҢеҸ‘зҺ°3.14иҝҷдёӘж•°еҖјиҝҳжҳҜеҒҸе°ҸгҖӮдәҺжҳҜ继з»ӯеүІеңҶеҲ°1536иҫ№еҪўпјҢжұӮеҮә3072иҫ№еҪўзҡ„йқўз§ҜпјҢеҫ—еҲ°д»ӨиҮӘе·ұж»Ўж„Ҹзҡ„еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮ пјҲ4пјүе…¬е…ғ480е№ҙе·ҰеҸіпјҢеҚ—еҢ—жңқж—¶жңҹзҡ„ж•°еӯҰ家зҘ–еҶІд№ӢиҝӣдёҖжӯҘеҫ—еҮәзІҫзЎ®еҲ°е°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺ7дҪҚзҡ„з»“жһңпјҢз»ҷеҮәдёҚи¶іиҝ‘дјјеҖј3.1415926е’ҢиҝҮеү©иҝ‘дјјеҖј3.1415927пјҢиҝҳеҫ—еҲ°дёӨдёӘиҝ‘дјјеҲҶж•°еҖјпјҢеҜҶзҺҮ еҜҶзҺҮжҳҜдёӘеҫҲеҘҪзҡ„еҲҶж•°иҝ‘дјјеҖјпјҢиҰҒеҸ–еҲ° жүҚиғҪеҫ—еҮәжҜ” з•ҘеҮҶзЎ®зҡ„иҝ‘дјјгҖӮ еңЁд№ӢеҗҺзҡ„800е№ҙйҮҢзҘ–еҶІд№Ӣи®Ўз®—еҮәзҡ„ПҖеҖјйғҪжҳҜжңҖеҮҶзЎ®зҡ„гҖӮе…¶дёӯзҡ„еҜҶзҺҮеңЁиҘҝж–№зӣҙеҲ°1573е№ҙжүҚз”ұеҫ·еӣҪдәәеҘҘжүҳпјҲValentinus Othoпјүеҫ—еҲ°пјҢ1625е№ҙеҸ‘иЎЁдәҺиҚ·е…°е·ҘзЁӢеёҲе®үжүҳе°јж–ҜпјҲMetiusпјүзҡ„и‘—дҪңдёӯпјҢ欧жҙІз§°д№ӢдёәMetius' numberгҖӮ пјҲ5пјүзәҰеңЁе…¬е…ғ530е№ҙпјҢеҚ°еәҰж•°еӯҰеӨ§еёҲйҳҝиҖ¶жіўеӨҡз®—еҮәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзәҰдёә е©ҶзҪ—ж‘©з¬ҲеӨҡйҮҮз”ЁеҸҰдёҖеҘ—ж–№жі•пјҢжҺЁи®әеҮәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзӯүдәҺ10зҡ„з®—жңҜе№іж–№ж №гҖӮ пјҲ6пјүйҳҝжӢүдјҜж•°еӯҰ家еҚЎиҘҝеңЁ15дё–зәӘеҲқжұӮеҫ—еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮ17дҪҚзІҫзЎ®е°Ҹж•°еҖјпјҢжү“з ҙзҘ–еҶІд№ӢдҝқжҢҒиҝ‘еҚғе№ҙзҡ„зәӘеҪ•гҖӮеҫ·еӣҪж•°еӯҰ家йІҒйҒ“еӨ«В·иҢғ·科дјҠдјҰпјҲLudolph van CeulenпјүдәҺ1596е№ҙе°ҶПҖеҖјз®—еҲ°20дҪҚе°Ҹж•°еҖјпјҢеҗҺжҠ•е…ҘжҜ•з”ҹзІҫеҠӣпјҢдәҺ1610е№ҙз®—еҲ°е°Ҹж•°еҗҺ35дҪҚж•°пјҢиҜҘж•°еҖјиў«з”Ёд»–зҡ„еҗҚеӯ—з§°дёәйІҒйҒ“еӨ«ж•°гҖӮ 3гҖҒеҲҶжһҗжі•ж—¶жңҹвҖ”вҖ”科еӯҰжҺЁжј”еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮпјҡ иҝҷдёҖж—¶жңҹдәә们ејҖе§ӢеҲ©з”Ёж— з©·зә§ж•°жҲ–ж— з©·иҝһд№ҳз§ҜжұӮПҖпјҢж‘Ҷи„ұеҸҜеүІеңҶжңҜзҡ„з№ҒеӨҚи®Ўз®—гҖӮж— з©·д№ҳз§ҜејҸгҖҒж— з©·иҝһеҲҶж•°гҖҒж— з©·зә§ж•°зӯүеҗ„з§ҚПҖеҖјиЎЁиҫҫејҸзә·зә·еҮәзҺ°пјҢдҪҝеҫ—ПҖеҖји®Ўз®—зІҫеәҰиҝ…йҖҹеўһеҠ гҖӮ 第дёҖдёӘеҝ«йҖҹз®—жі•з”ұиӢұеӣҪж•°еӯҰ家梅й’ҰпјҲJohn MachinпјүжҸҗеҮәпјҢ1706е№ҙжў…й’Ұи®Ўз®—ПҖеҖјзӘҒз ҙ100дҪҚе°Ҹж•°еӨ§е…іпјҢд»–еҲ©з”ЁдәҶеҰӮдёӢе…¬ејҸпјҡ е…¶дёӯarctan xеҸҜз”ұжі°еӢ’зә§ж•°з®—еҮәгҖӮзұ»дјјж–№жі•з§°дёәвҖңжў…й’Ұзұ»е…¬ејҸвҖқгҖӮ ж–Ҝжҙӣж–Үе°јдәҡж•°еӯҰ家Jurij VegaдәҺ1789е№ҙеҫ—еҮәПҖзҡ„е°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺйҰ–140дҪҚпјҢе…¶дёӯеҸӘжңү137дҪҚжҳҜжӯЈзЎ®зҡ„гҖӮиҝҷдёӘдё–з•ҢзәӘеҪ•з»ҙжҢҒдәҶдә”еҚҒе№ҙгҖӮд»–еҲ©з”ЁдәҶжў…й’ҰдәҺ1706е№ҙжҸҗеҮәзҡ„ж•°ејҸгҖӮ еҲ°1948е№ҙиӢұеӣҪзҡ„еј—ж јжЈ®пјҲD. F. Fergusonпјүе’ҢзҫҺеӣҪзҡ„дјҰеҘҮе…ұеҗҢеҸ‘иЎЁдәҶПҖзҡ„808дҪҚе°Ҹж•°еҖјпјҢжҲҗдёәдәәе·Ҙи®Ўз®—еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮеҖјзҡ„жңҖй«ҳзәӘеҪ•гҖӮ 4гҖҒи®Ўз®—жңәж—¶д»ЈвҖ”вҖ”科еӯҰй«ҳж•Ҳи®Ўз®—еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮпјҡ з”өеӯҗи®Ўз®—жңәзҡ„еҮәзҺ°дҪҝПҖеҖји®Ўз®—жңүдәҶзӘҒйЈһзҢӣиҝӣзҡ„еҸ‘еұ•гҖӮ 1949е№ҙпјҢзҫҺеӣҪеҲ¶йҖ зҡ„дё–дёҠйҰ–йғЁз”өи„‘пјҚENIACпјҲElectronic Numerical Integrator And ComputerпјүеңЁйҳҝдјҜдёҒиҜ•йӘҢеңәеҗҜз”ЁдәҶгҖӮж¬Ўе№ҙпјҢйҮҢзү№йҹҰж–ҜзәігҖҒеҶҜзәҪжӣје’Ңжў…еҚ“жҷ®еҲ©ж–ҜеҲ©з”ЁиҝҷйғЁз”өи„‘пјҢи®Ўз®—еҮәПҖзҡ„2037дёӘе°Ҹж•°дҪҚгҖӮиҝҷйғЁз”өи„‘еҸӘз”ЁдәҶ70е°Ҹж—¶е°ұе®ҢжҲҗдәҶиҝҷйЎ№е·ҘдҪңпјҢжүЈйҷӨжҸ’е…Ҙжү“еӯ”еҚЎжүҖиҠұзҡ„ж—¶й—ҙпјҢзӯүдәҺе№іеқҮдёӨеҲҶй’ҹз®—еҮәдёҖдҪҚж•°гҖӮ дә”е№ҙеҗҺпјҢIBM NORCпјҲжө·еҶӣе…өеҷЁз ”究计算жңәпјүеҸӘз”ЁдәҶ13еҲҶй’ҹпјҢе°ұз®—еҮәПҖзҡ„3089дёӘе°Ҹж•°дҪҚгҖӮ科жҠҖдёҚж–ӯиҝӣжӯҘпјҢз”өи„‘зҡ„иҝҗз®—йҖҹеәҰд№ҹи¶ҠжқҘи¶Ҡеҝ«пјҢеңЁ60е№ҙд»ЈиҮі70е№ҙд»ЈпјҢйҡҸзқҖзҫҺгҖҒиӢұгҖҒжі•зҡ„з”ө脑科еӯҰ家дёҚж–ӯең°иҝӣиЎҢз”өи„‘дёҠзҡ„з«һдәүпјҢПҖзҡ„еҖјд№ҹи¶ҠжқҘи¶ҠзІҫзЎ®гҖӮеңЁ1973е№ҙпјҢJean Guilloudе’ҢMartin Bouyerд»Ҙз”өи„‘CDC 7600еҸ‘зҺ°дәҶПҖзҡ„第дёҖзҷҫдёҮдёӘе°Ҹж•°дҪҚгҖӮ еңЁ1976е№ҙпјҢж–°зҡ„зӘҒз ҙеҮәзҺ°дәҶгҖӮиҗЁжӢүжҳҺпјҲEugene SalaminпјүеҸ‘иЎЁдәҶдёҖжқЎж–°зҡ„е…¬ејҸпјҢйӮЈжҳҜдёҖжқЎдәҢ次收ж•ӣз®—еҲҷпјҢд№ҹе°ұжҳҜиҜҙжҜҸз»ҸиҝҮдёҖж¬Ўи®Ўз®—пјҢжңүж•Ҳж•°еӯ—е°ұдјҡеҖҚеўһгҖӮй«ҳж–Ҝд»ҘеүҚд№ҹеҸ‘зҺ°дәҶдёҖжқЎзұ»дјјзҡ„е…¬ејҸпјҢдҪҶеҚҒеҲҶеӨҚжқӮпјҢеңЁйӮЈжІЎжңүз”өи„‘зҡ„ж—¶д»ЈжҳҜдёҚеҸҜиЎҢзҡ„гҖӮиҝҷз®—жі•иў«з§°дёәеёғдјҰзү№-иҗЁжӢүжҳҺпјҲжҲ–иҗЁжӢүжҳҺ-еёғдјҰзү№пјүжј”з®—жі•пјҢдәҰз§°й«ҳж–Ҝ-еӢ’и®©еҫ·жј”з®—жі•гҖӮ 1989е№ҙзҫҺеӣҪе“ҘдјҰжҜ”дәҡеӨ§еӯҰз ”з©¶дәәе‘ҳз”Ёе…Ӣйӣ·пјҚ2еһӢпјҲCray-2пјүе’ҢIBMпјҚ3090/VFеһӢе·ЁеһӢз”өеӯҗи®Ўз®—жңәи®Ўз®—еҮәПҖеҖје°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺ4.8дәҝдҪҚж•°пјҢеҗҺеҸҲ继з»ӯз®—еҲ°е°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺ10.1дәҝдҪҚж•°гҖӮ2010е№ҙ1жңҲ7ж—ҘвҖ”вҖ”жі•еӣҪе·ҘзЁӢеёҲжі•еёғйҮҢж–ҜВ·иҙқжӢүе°ҶеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮз®—еҲ°е°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺ27000дәҝдҪҚгҖӮ2010е№ҙ8жңҲ30ж—ҘвҖ”вҖ”ж—Ҙжң¬и®Ўз®—жңәеҘҮжүҚиҝ‘и—ӨиҢӮеҲ©з”Ёе®¶з”Ёи®Ўз®—жңәе’Ңдә‘и®Ўз®—зӣёз»“еҗҲпјҢи®Ўз®—еҮәеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮеҲ°е°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺ5дёҮдәҝдҪҚгҖӮ 2011е№ҙ10жңҲ16ж—ҘпјҢж—Ҙжң¬й•ҝйҮҺеҺҝйҘӯз”°еёӮе…¬еҸёиҒҢе‘ҳиҝ‘и—ӨиҢӮеҲ©з”Ёе®¶дёӯз”өи„‘е°ҶеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮи®Ўз®—еҲ°е°Ҹж•°зӮ№еҗҺ10дёҮдәҝдҪҚпјҢеҲ·ж–°дәҶ2010е№ҙ8жңҲз”ұд»–иҮӘе·ұеҲӣдёӢзҡ„5дёҮдәҝдҪҚеҗүе°јж–Ҝдё–з•ҢзәӘеҪ•гҖӮ56еІҒзҡ„иҝ‘и—ӨиҢӮдҪҝз”Ёзҡ„жҳҜиҮӘе·ұз»„иЈ…зҡ„и®Ўз®—жңәпјҢд»Һ10жңҲиө·ејҖе§Ӣи®Ўз®—пјҢиҠұиҙ№зәҰдёҖе№ҙж—¶й—ҙеҲ·ж–°дәҶзәӘеҪ•гҖӮ жү©еұ•иө„ж–ҷпјҡ 1гҖҒеӣҪйҷ…еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮж—Ҙпјҡ 2011е№ҙпјҢеӣҪйҷ…ж•°еӯҰеҚҸдјҡжӯЈејҸе®ЈеёғпјҢе°ҶжҜҸе№ҙзҡ„3жңҲ14ж—Ҙи®ҫдёәеӣҪйҷ…ж•°еӯҰиҠӮпјҢжқҘжәҗеҲҷжҳҜдёӯеӣҪеҸӨд»Јж•°еӯҰ家зҘ–еҶІд№Ӣзҡ„еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮгҖӮ еӣҪйҷ…еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮж—ҘеҸҜд»ҘиҝҪжәҜиҮі1988е№ҙ3жңҲ14ж—ҘпјҢж—§йҮ‘еұұ科еӯҰеҚҡзү©йҰҶзҡ„зү©зҗҶеӯҰ家Larry ShawпјҢд»–з»„з»ҮеҚҡзү©йҰҶзҡ„е‘ҳе·Ҙе’ҢеҸӮдёҺиҖ…еӣҙз»•еҚҡзү©йҰҶзәӘеҝөзў‘еҒҡ3еҸҲ1/7еңҲ(22/7пјҢПҖзҡ„иҝ‘дјјеҖјд№ӢдёҖ)зҡ„еңҶе‘ЁиҝҗеҠЁпјҢ并дёҖиө·еҗғж°ҙжһңжҙҫгҖӮд№ӢеҗҺпјҢж—§йҮ‘еұұ科еӯҰеҚҡзү©йҰҶ继жүҝдәҶиҝҷдёӘдј з»ҹпјҢеңЁжҜҸе№ҙзҡ„иҝҷдёҖеӨ©йғҪдёҫеҠһеәҶзҘқжҙ»еҠЁгҖӮ 2009е№ҙпјҢзҫҺеӣҪдј—и®®йҷўжӯЈејҸйҖҡиҝҮдёҖйЎ№ж— зәҰжқҹеҠӣеҶіи®®пјҢе°ҶжҜҸе№ҙзҡ„3жңҲ14ж—Ҙи®ҫе®ҡдёәвҖңеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮж—ҘвҖқгҖӮеҶіи®®и®ӨдёәпјҢвҖңйүҙдәҺж•°еӯҰе’ҢиҮӘ然科еӯҰжҳҜж•ҷиӮІеҪ“дёӯжңүи¶ЈиҖҢдёҚеҸҜжҲ–зјәзҡ„дёҖйғЁеҲҶпјҢиҖҢеӯҰд№ жңүе…іПҖзҡ„зҹҘиҜҶжҳҜдёҖж•ҷеӯ©еӯҗеҮ дҪ•гҖҒеҗёеј•д»–们еӯҰд№ иҮӘ然科еӯҰе’Ңж•°еӯҰзҡ„иҝ·дәәж–№ејҸвҖҰвҖҰПҖзәҰзӯүдәҺ3.14пјҢеӣ жӯӨ3жңҲ14ж—ҘжҳҜзәӘеҝөеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮж—ҘжңҖеҗҲйҖӮзҡ„ж—ҘеӯҗгҖӮвҖқ 2гҖҒеңҶе‘ЁзҺҮеңЁеҗ„еӯҰ科дёӯзҡ„еә”з”Ёпјҡ пјҲ1пјүеҮ дҪ•пјҡ пјҲ2пјүд»Јж•°пјҡ ПҖжҳҜдёӘж— зҗҶж•°пјҢеҚідёҚеҸҜиЎЁиҫҫжҲҗдёӨдёӘж•ҙж•°д№ӢжҜ”пјҢжҳҜз”ұз‘һ士科еӯҰ家зәҰзҝ°В·жө·еӣ йҮҢеёҢВ·е…°дјҜзү№дәҺ1761е№ҙиҜҒжҳҺзҡ„гҖӮ 1882е№ҙпјҢжһ—еҫ·жӣјпјҲFerdinand von LindemannпјүжӣҙиҜҒжҳҺдәҶПҖжҳҜи¶…и¶Ҡж•°пјҢеҚіПҖдёҚеҸҜиғҪжҳҜд»»дҪ•ж•ҙзі»ж•°еӨҡйЎ№ејҸзҡ„ж №гҖӮ

еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮзҡ„и¶…и¶ҠжҖ§еҗҰе®ҡдәҶеҢ–еңҶдёәж–№иҝҷеҸӨиҖҒе°ә规дҪңеӣҫй—®йўҳзҡ„еҸҜиғҪжҖ§пјҢеӣ жүҖжңүе°ә规дҪңеӣҫеҸӘиғҪеҫ—еҮәд»Јж•°ж•°пјҢиҖҢи¶…и¶Ҡж•°дёҚжҳҜд»Јж•°ж•°гҖӮ пјҲ3пјүж•°и®әпјҡ дёӨдёӘд»»ж„ҸиҮӘ然数жҳҜдә’иҙЁзҡ„жҰӮзҺҮжҳҜ д»»еҸ–дёҖдёӘд»»ж„Ҹж•ҙж•°пјҢиҜҘж•ҙж•°жІЎжңүйҮҚеӨҚиҙЁеӣ еӯҗзҡ„жҰӮзҺҮдёә дёҖдёӘд»»ж„Ҹж•ҙж•°е№іеқҮеҸҜз”Ё дёӘж–№жі•еҶҷжҲҗдёӨдёӘе®Ңе…Ёж•°д№Ӣе’ҢгҖӮ пјҲ4пјүжҰӮзҺҮи®әпјҡ и®ҫжҲ‘们жңүдёҖдёӘд»Ҙе№іиЎҢдё”зӯүи·қжңЁзә№й“әжҲҗзҡ„ең°жқҝпјҢйҡҸж„ҸжҠӣдёҖж”Ҝй•ҝеәҰжҜ”жңЁзә№д№Ӣй—ҙи·қзҰ»е°Ҹзҡ„й’ҲпјҢжұӮй’Ҳе’Ңе…¶дёӯдёҖжқЎжңЁзә№зӣёдәӨзҡ„жҰӮзҺҮгҖӮиҝҷе°ұжҳҜеёғдё°жҠ•й’Ҳй—®йўҳгҖӮ1777 е№ҙпјҢеёғдё°иҮӘе·ұи§ЈеҶідәҶиҝҷдёӘй—®йўҳвҖ”вҖ”иҝҷдёӘжҰӮзҺҮеҖјжҳҜ 1/ПҖгҖӮ пјҲ5пјүз»ҹи®ЎеӯҰпјҡ жӯЈжҖҒеҲҶеёғзҡ„жҰӮзҺҮеҜҶеәҰеҮҪж•°пјҡ пјҲ6пјүзү©зҗҶеӯҰпјҡ жө·жЈ®е ЎдёҚзЎ®е®ҡжҖ§еҺҹзҗҶпјҡ зӣёеҜ№и®әзҡ„еңәж–№зЁӢпјҡ еҸӮиҖғиө„ж–ҷжқҘжәҗпјҡ зҷҫеәҰзҷҫ科 - еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮ еңҶе‘ЁзҺҮпјҲPiпјүжҳҜеңҶзҡ„е‘Ёй•ҝдёҺзӣҙеҫ„зҡ„жҜ”еҖјпјҢдёҖиҲ¬з”ЁеёҢи…Ҡеӯ—жҜҚПҖиЎЁзӨәпјҢжҳҜдёҖдёӘеңЁж•°еӯҰеҸҠзү©зҗҶеӯҰдёӯжҷ®йҒҚеӯҳеңЁзҡ„ж•°еӯҰеёёж•°гҖӮПҖд№ҹзӯүдәҺеңҶеҪўд№Ӣйқўз§ҜдёҺеҚҠеҫ„е№іж–№д№ӢжҜ”пјҢжҳҜзІҫзЎ®и®Ўз®—еңҶе‘Ёй•ҝгҖҒеңҶйқўз§ҜгҖҒзҗғдҪ“з§ҜзӯүеҮ дҪ•еҪўзҠ¶зҡ„е…ій”®еҖјгҖӮ еҸӮиҖғиө„ж–ҷпјҡ http://www.oursci.org/magazine/200301/030126.htm е…¶д»–зұ»дјјй—®йўҳ 2018-10-06 е…Җ(paГ¬) зӯүдәҺеҮ ? 2012-08-28 paiйҷӨд»Ҙ180зӯүдәҺеӨҡе°‘ 2018-07-10 paiзӯүдәҺеӨҡе°‘е•Ҡ дёәдҪ жҺЁиҚҗпјҡ дёӘдәәгҖҒдјҒдёҡзұ» дҫөжқғжҠ•иҜү иҝқжі•жңүе®ідҝЎжҒҜ,иҜ·еңЁдёӢж–№йҖүжӢ©еҗҺжҸҗдәӨ ж¶үе«Ңиҝқжі•зҠҜзҪӘ ж—¶ж”ҝдҝЎжҒҜдёҚе®һ жҲ‘们дјҡйҖҡиҝҮж¶ҲжҒҜгҖҒйӮ®з®ұзӯүж–№ејҸе°Ҫеҝ«е°ҶдёҫжҠҘз»“жһңйҖҡзҹҘжӮЁгҖӮ жҲ‘зҡ„иҙўеҜҢеҖј дёӢиҪҪзҷҫеәҰзҹҘйҒ“APP еңЁAPPз«Ҝ-д»»еҠЎдёӯеҝғжҸҗзҺ° 10д»»еҠЎ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ 50д»»еҠЎ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ 100д»»еҠЎ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ 200д»»еҠЎ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ з•Ҙз•Ҙз•Ҙз•ҘвҖҰ ж–°жүӢеё®еҠ© еҰӮдҪ•зӯ”йўҳ иҺ·еҸ–йҮҮзәі дҪҝз”ЁиҙўеҜҢеҖј дҪҝз”ЁиҙўеҜҢеҖј зҺ©жі•д»Ӣз»Қ зҹҘйҒ“е•ҶеҹҺ еҗҲдјҷдәәи®ӨиҜҒ еҗҲдјҷдәәи®ӨиҜҒ жӮЁзҡ„иҙҰеҸ·зҠ¶жҖҒжӯЈеёё ж„ҹи°ўжӮЁеҜ№жҲ‘们зҡ„ж”ҜжҢҒ жҠ•иҜүе»әи®® ж„Ҹи§ҒеҸҚйҰҲ иҙҰеҸ·з”іиҜү йқһжі•дҝЎжҒҜдёҫжҠҘ жӮЁзҡ„иҙҰеҸ·зҠ¶жҖҒжӯЈеёё ж„ҹи°ўжӮЁеҜ№жҲ‘们зҡ„ж”ҜжҢҒ йқһжі•дҝЎжҒҜдёҫжҠҘ дә¬ICPиҜҒ030173еҸ·-1 дә¬зҪ‘ж–ҮгҖҗ2023гҖ‘1034-029еҸ· ©2026Baidu дҪҝз”ЁзҷҫеәҰеүҚеҝ…иҜ» | зҹҘйҒ“еҚҸи®® | дјҒдёҡжҺЁе№ҝ