еҸҜйҖүдёӯ1дёӘжҲ–еӨҡдёӘдёӢйқўзҡ„е…ій”®иҜҚпјҢжҗңзҙўзӣёе…іиө„ж–ҷгҖӮд№ҹеҸҜзӣҙжҺҘзӮ№вҖңжҗңзҙўиө„ж–ҷвҖқжҗңзҙўж•ҙдёӘй—®йўҳгҖӮ дёңдәҡгҖҒиҘҝдәҡгҖҒеҚ—дәҡгҖҒеҢ—дәҡгҖҒдёңеҚ—дәҡеҸҠдёӯдәҡпјҢеңЁең°еӣҫдёҠеҰӮеӣҫжүҖзӨәпјҡ дёңдәҡпјҲEast AsiaпјүпјҢдәҡжҙІдёңйғЁзҡ„з®Җз§°пјҢеҢ…жӢ¬дёӯеӣҪгҖҒж—Ҙжң¬гҖҒйҹ©еӣҪгҖҒжңқйІңе’Ңи’ҷеҸӨзӯүдә”дёӘеӣҪ家гҖӮдёңдәҡең°еҠҝиҘҝй«ҳдёңдҪҺпјҢжІіжөҒеӨҡиҮӘиҘҝеҗ‘дёңжөҒе…ҘеӨӘе№іжҙӢпјҢдё»иҰҒжңүй»‘йҫҷжұҹгҖҒй»„жІігҖҒй•ҝжұҹгҖҒйёӯз»ҝжұҹзӯүгҖӮ еҚ—дәҡд»ҘеҚ°еәҰжҙӢжқҝеқ—дёәдё»дҪ“пјҢд»Һжө·е№ійқўеҚҮиө·жҲҗдёәеҚ—дәҡж¬ЎеӨ§йҷҶеҸҠе…ҙйғҪеә“д»Җең°еҢәгҖӮжҢүйЎәж—¶й’Ҳж–№еҗ‘пјҢзҺҜз»•еҚ—дәҡзҡ„пјҢд»ҺиҘҝеҲ°дёңпјҢжңүиҘҝдәҡгҖҒдёӯдәҡгҖҒдёңдәҡгҖҒдёңеҚ—дәҡеҸҠеҚ°еәҰжҙӢгҖӮ дҪҚдәҺ0В°-37В°NпјҢ60В°EвҖ•97В°Eд№Ӣй—ҙпјҢйқһеІӣеұҝеҹәжң¬еңЁ10В°NвҖ•30В°Nд№Ӣй—ҙпјҢеҚ—еҢ—е’ҢдёңиҘҝи·қзҰ»еҗ„зәҰ3100еҚғзұігҖӮеҚ—дәҡе…ұ7дёӘеӣҪ家пјҢе°јжіҠе°”гҖҒдёҚдё№дёәеҶ…йҷҶеӣҪпјҢеҚ°еәҰгҖҒе·ҙеҹәж–ҜеқҰгҖҒеӯҹеҠ жӢүеӣҪдёәдёҙжө·еӣҪпјҢж–ҜйҮҢе…°еҚЎгҖҒ马尔代еӨ«дёәеІӣеӣҪгҖӮ дёңеҚ—дәҡпјҲSEAпјүдҪҚдәҺдәҡжҙІдёңеҚ—йғЁпјҢеҢ…жӢ¬дёӯеҚ—еҚҠеІӣе’Ң马жқҘзҫӨеІӣдёӨеӨ§йғЁеҲҶгҖӮдёӯеҚ—еҚҠеІӣеӣ дҪҚдәҺдёӯеӣҪд»ҘеҚ—иҖҢеҫ—еҗҚпјҢеҚ—йғЁзҡ„з»Ҷй•ҝйғЁеҲҶеҸ«й©¬жқҘеҚҠеІӣгҖӮ 马жқҘзҫӨеІӣж•ЈеёғеңЁеӨӘе№іжҙӢе’ҢеҚ°еәҰжҙӢд№Ӣй—ҙзҡ„е№ҝйҳ”жө·еҹҹпјҢжҳҜдё–з•ҢжңҖеӨ§зҡ„зҫӨеІӣпјҢе…ұжңүдёӨдёҮеӨҡдёӘеІӣеұҝпјҢеҲҶеұһеҚ°еәҰе°јиҘҝдәҡгҖҒ马жқҘиҘҝдәҡгҖҒдёңеёқжұ¶гҖҒж–ҮиҺұе’ҢиҸІеҫӢе®ҫзӯүеӣҪгҖӮ дёӯдәҡеҚідәҡжҙІдёӯйғЁең°еҢәпјҢзӢӯд№үзҡ„дёӯдәҡеҢ…жӢ¬е“ҲиҗЁе…Ӣж–ҜеқҰгҖҒеҗүе°”еҗүж–Ҝж–ҜеқҰгҖҒеЎ”еҗүе…Ӣж–ҜеқҰгҖҒд№Ңе…№еҲ«е…Ӣж–ҜеқҰгҖҒеңҹеә“жӣјж–ҜеқҰдә”дёӘеӣҪ家гҖӮдёӯдәҡиҝҷдёӘжҰӮеҝөжңҖж—©з”ұеҫ·еӣҪдәәдәҡеҺҶеұұеӨ§В·еҶҜВ·жҙӘе ЎпјҲAlexander von HumboldtпјҢ1769-1859пјүдәҺ1843е№ҙжҸҗеҮәпјҢе…¶жүҖеҢ…еҗ«зҡ„иҢғеӣҙеӯҳеңЁеӨҡз§Қз•Ңе®ҡгҖӮ иҘҝдәҡпјҲWestern AsiaпјүпјҢдәҡжҙІиҘҝйғЁпјҢиҮӘдјҠжң—иҮіеңҹиҖіе…¶пјҢжҳҜиҒ”зі»дәҡгҖҒ欧гҖҒйқһдёүеӨ§жҙІе’ҢжІҹйҖҡеӨ§иҘҝжҙӢгҖҒеҚ°еәҰжҙӢзҡ„жһўзәҪгҖӮз»Ҹзә¬еәҰе®ҡдҪҚдёә12В°35вҖІN~43В°34вҖІNпјҢ26В°16вҖІE~74В°56вҖІEгҖӮ еҢ—дәҡеҢ…жӢ¬дҝ„зҪ—ж–Ҝзҡ„иҘҝдјҜеҲ©дәҡе’ҢиҝңдёңдёӨеӨ§йғЁеҲҶпјҢе№іж–№е…¬йҮҢпјҢжҳҜдәҡжҙІжңҖеӨ§зҡ„иҮӘ然ең°зҗҶеӨ§еҢәгҖӮ еҢ—иҘҝз•ҢжҳҜдәҡжҙІе’Ң欧жҙІд№Ӣй—ҙзҡ„жҙІз•ҢпјҢеҚ—з•ҢиҘҝж®өдёәе“ҲиҗЁе…Ӣй«ҳең°еҢ—йә“пјҢдёңж®өд»Ҙдҝ„зҪ—ж–ҜдёҺи’ҷеҸӨе’ҢдёӯеӣҪзҡ„еӣҪеўғзәҝдёәз•ҢпјҢеӨ§йғЁдҪҚдәҺеҢ—зә¬50В°д»ҘеҢ—пјҢжңү200еӨҡдёҮе№іж–№е…¬йҮҢзҡ„ең°еёҰдјёе…ҘеҢ—жһҒеңҲеҶ…гҖӮ дәҡжҙІз»қеӨ§йғЁеҲҶең°еҢәдҪҚдәҺеҢ—еҚҠзҗғе’ҢдёңеҚҠзҗғгҖӮдәҡжҙІдёҺйқһжҙІзҡ„еҲҶз•ҢзәҝдёәиӢҸдјҠеЈ«иҝҗжІігҖӮиӢҸдјҠеЈ«иҝҗжІід»ҘдёңдёәдәҡжҙІгҖӮдәҡжҙІдёҺ欧жҙІзҡ„еҲҶз•Ңзәҝдёәд№ҢжӢүе°”еұұи„үгҖҒд№ҢжӢүе°”жІігҖҒйҮҢжө·гҖҒеӨ§й«ҳеҠ зҙўеұұи„үгҖҒеңҹиҖіе…¶жө·еіЎе’Ңй»‘жө·гҖӮд№ҢжӢүе°”еұұи„үд»ҘдёңеҸҠеӨ§й«ҳеҠ зҙўеұұи„үгҖҒйҮҢжө·е’Ңй»‘жө·д»ҘеҚ—дёәдәҡжҙІ еӨ§йҷҶдёңиҮізҷҪд»Өжө·еіЎзҡ„жқ°ж—Ҙе°јеҘҘеӨ«и§’пјҲ169В°39вҖІ7вҖіWпјҢ66В°4вҖІ45вҖіNпјүпјҢеҚ—иҮідё№з»’жҜ”дәҡпјҲ103В°31вҖІEпјҢ1В°16вҖІNпјүпјҢиҘҝиҮіе·ҙе·ҙи§’пјҲ26В°3вҖІEпјҢ39В°27вҖІNпјүпјҢеҢ—иҮіеҲҮжҹіж–ҜйҮ‘и§’пјҲ104В°18вҖІEпјҢ77В°43вҖІNпјүпјҢжңҖй«ҳеі°дёәзҸ з©Ҷжң—зҺӣеі°гҖӮи·Ёи¶Ҡз»Ҹзә¬еәҰеҚҒеҲҶе№ҝпјҢдёңиҘҝж—¶е·®иҫҫ11пҪһ13е°Ҹж—¶гҖӮиҘҝйғЁдёҺ欧жҙІзӣёиҝһпјҢеҪўжҲҗең°зҗғдёҠжңҖеӨ§зҡ„йҷҶеқ—欧дәҡеӨ§йҷҶгҖӮ е…¶д»–зұ»дјјй—®йўҳ 2021-08-25 еҰӮдҪ•еҲ’еҲҶдёңдәҡгҖҒиҘҝдәҡгҖҒеҚ—дәҡгҖҒеҢ—дәҡгҖҒдёңеҚ—дәҡеҸҠдёӯдәҡпјҢеңЁдәҡжҙІең°еӣҫдёҠиҝӣиЎҢпјҹ 6 2022-02-16 дәҡжҙІеҲҶдёәе“ӘеҮ дёӘдәҡең°еӣҫ 2022-12-21 еҰӮдҪ•еҲ’еҲҶдёңдәҡгҖҒиҘҝдәҡгҖҒеҚ—дәҡгҖҒеҢ—дәҡгҖҒдёңеҚ—дәҡеҸҠдёӯдәҡпјҢеңЁдәҡжҙІең°еӣҫдёҠ 2 2022-10-28 дёңдәҡгҖҒдёӯдәҡгҖҒиҘҝдәҡеңЁең°зҗҶдёҠд»Ҙд»Җд№Ҳдёәз•ҢеҲ’еҲҶпјҹ 1 2023-05-27 дёңдәҡгҖҒеҚ—дәҡгҖҒдёңеҚ—дәҡгҖҒдёӯдәҡгҖҒиҘҝдәҡгҖҒеҢ—дәҡеҗ„жҢҮд»Җд№Ҳпјҹ 5 2021-06-05 еҰӮдҪ•еҲ’еҲҶдёңдәҡгҖҒиҘҝдәҡгҖҒеҚ—дәҡгҖҒеҢ—дәҡгҖҒдёңеҚ—дәҡеҸҠдёӯдәҡпјҢеңЁдәҡжҙІең°еӣҫдёҠпјҹ 3 2022-10-30 дёңдәҡ иҘҝдәҡ еҚ—дәҡ еҢ—дәҡ еҗ„жҳҜжҢҮйӮЈйҮҢ? 2019-04-30 и°ҒжңүдәҡжҙІең°еӣҫпјҢиғҪеҲ’еҲҶдёңдәҡпјҢиҘҝдәҡпјҢеҚ—дәҡпјҢдёӯдәҡпјҢдёңеҚ—дәҡ 64 дёәдҪ жҺЁиҚҗпјҡ дёӘдәәгҖҒдјҒдёҡзұ» дҫөжқғжҠ•иҜү

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